The elements of statistics : with applications to economics and the social sciences / James B. Ramsey ; with labs by H. Joseph Newton, Jane Harvill
- Author:
- Ramsey, James Bernard
- Published:
- Belmont, CA : Duxbury/Thomson Learning, [date of publication not identified][2002]
- Copyright Date:
- ©2002
- Physical Description:
- xxiii, 648 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm + 1 computer disc (4 3/4 in.)
- Additional Creators:
- Newton, H. Joseph, 1949- and Harvill, Jane L.
- Contents:
- Part 1 Introduction and Fundamental Ideas 1 -- Chapter 1 Statistics as Science 2 -- 1.3 Statistics: A Framework for Decision Making 3 -- 1.4 Statistics and the Methodology of Science 7 -- 1.5 Statistics as a Science 9 -- The Subject Matter of Statistics 9 -- Statistics and Science Interwined 10 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 13 -- Chapter 2 Types of Variables, Measurements, and Explanation 20 -- 2.3 Types of Variables 21 -- Cardinal Measurement 23 -- Ordinal Measurement 24 -- Categorical Variables 25 -- Indices 25 -- Time Series 26 -- 2.4 Random and Deterministic Variables 26 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 32 -- Part 2 Descriptive Statistics 37 -- Chapter 3 How to Describe and Summarize Random Data by Graphical Procedures 38 -- 3.3 Describing Data by Box-and-Whisker Plots 40 -- The Median 41 -- The Range 43 -- Quartiles 44 -- Box-and-Whisker Plots 45 -- 3.4 Plotting Relative Frequencies 48 -- 3.5 Cumulative Frequencies 51 -- 3.6 Histogram 53 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 65 -- Chapter 4 Moments and the Shape of Histograms 77 -- 4.3 The Mean, a Measure of Location 77 -- Averaging Grouped Data 81 -- Interpreting the Mean 83 -- 4.4 The Second Moment as a Measure of Spread 85 -- 4.5 General Definition of Moments 88 -- The Third Moment as a Measure of Skewness 90 -- The Fourth Moment as a Measure of Peakedness, or "Fat Tails" 92 -- 4.6 Standardized Moments 93 -- Some Practical Uses for Higher Moments 99 -- 4.7 Standardization of Variables 104 -- The Higher Moments about the Origin 105 -- Higher Moments and Grouped Data 106 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 107 -- Chapter 5 The Description of Bivariate Data 120 -- 5.3 Three-Dimensional Histograms 121 -- 5.4 Scatter Plots 122 -- 5.5 Standardization for Pairs of Random Variables 125 -- 5.6 Covariation and m[subscript 11], the First Cross Product Moment 126 -- 5.7 Linear Statistical Relationships and the Correlation Coefficient 135 -- 5.8 The Correlation Coefficient and Slope 140 -- 5.9 Rank Correlation 142 -- 5.10 Bivariate Categorical Data 144 -- Row Comparisons 145 -- Column Comparisons 147 -- Joint Comparisons 148 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 153 -- Part 3 Probability and Distribution Theory 169 -- Chapter 6 The Theory of Statistics: An Introduction 170 -- 6.3 The Theory: First Steps 173 -- The Sample Space 173 -- Introducing Probabilities 175 -- Probabilities of Unions and Joint Events 177 -- A Mathematical Digression 180 -- Calculating the Probabilities of the Union of Events 182 -- The Definition of Probability for Sample Spaces of Discrete Events 184 -- 6.4 Conditional Probability 185 -- Summing Up the Many Definitions of Probability 190 -- 6.5 Random Variables: Intuition Made Formal 191 -- An Example Using Two Random Variables 193 -- 6.6 Statistical Independence 197 -- Application of the Results to Continuous Random Variables 199 -- Consequences of the Equally Likely Principle 200 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 203 -- Chapter 7 The Generation and Description of Discrete Probability Distributions 214 -- 7.3 Combinations and Permutations 215 -- 7.4 Generating Binomial Probabilities 220 -- The Convolution Sum 222 -- Deriving the Binomial Distribution 222 -- Parameters and the Shape of the Probability Distribution 228 -- Theoretical Moments and the Shape of the Probability Distribution 230 -- 7.5 Expectation 236 -- Moment-Generating Functions for Discrete Variables 242 -- 7.6 The Cumulative Distribution Function 246 -- 7.7 The Poisson Probability Distribution 246 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 254 -- Chapter 8 The Generation of Some Continuous Probability Distributions 267 -- 8.3 How to Express Probability in Terms of Continuous Random Variables 268 -- 8.4 Theoretical Moments and Density Functions 277 -- 8.5 The Uniform Distribution 278 -- 8.6 The Normal, or Gaussian, Density Function and the Central Limit Theorem 281 -- Standard Deviation and the Nonstandard Gaussian 286 -- The Gaussian, or Normal, Distribution as an Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 288 -- Moment-Generating Functions for Continuous Variables 296 -- The Chebyshev Inequality 299 -- Terminology 301 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 303 -- Part 4 Basic Principles of Inference 313 -- 9.1 What You Will Learn in This Chapter 314 -- 9.3 An Illustrative Example 316 -- 9.4 An Introduction to the Theory of Simple Random Sampling 320 -- 9.5 Stratified Random Sampling 325 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 330 -- Chapter 10 Estimation of Theoretical Moments and the Parameters of Probability Distributions 337 -- 10.3 Estimating Theoretical Moments: Large Sample Results 339 -- 10.4 Estimating Moments and Parameters: Confidence Intervals and Small Sample Results 347 -- Estimating a Binomial Probability 356 -- Estimating the Poisson Parameter 360 -- The Student's T Distribution 363 -- The Chi-square Distribution and Confidence Intervals for the Variance 372 -- 10.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 375 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 380 -- Chapter 11 Hypothesis Testing: How to Discriminate between Two Alternatives 393 -- 11.3 The Basic Idea of Hypotheses Tests 394 -- A Digression on the Interpretation of Rejection Regions 399 -- How to Choose an Optimal Decision Rule 399 -- Why Type I Error Is Usually Small 407 -- The Special Rofe of the Null Hypothesis 409 -- 11.4 Simple and Composite Hypotheses Tests 411 -- 11.5 Two-Sided Hypotheses Tests 415 -- 11.6 Tests of Proportions 417 -- 11.7 Hypotheses Tests When the Variance Is Unknown 418 -- Testing the Difference between Two Means 421 -- An Aside on Statistical Significance 425 -- P Values 426 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 435 -- Part 5 Bivariate Distributions, Regression, and ANOVA 449 -- Chapter 12 The Generation of Bivariate and Conditional Probability Distributions 450 -- 12.3 Some Pragmatic Examples 454 -- 12.4 The Generation of a Bivariate Discrete Distribution 457 -- 12.5 The Generation of a Bivariate Continuous Distribution 458 -- The Conditional Normal Density Function 468 -- Moments of Joint and Conditional Density Functions 470 -- 12.6 Bivariate and Conditional Distributions Obtained by Sampling 474 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Unility? 476 -- Chapter 13 The Theory and Practice of Regression Analysis 481 -- 13.3 The Regression Model 483 -- 13.4 Estimation and Inference: The Basics 489 -- The Coefficient of Determination and the Degree of Fit 500 -- 13.5 Estimation and Inference: Confidence Intervals and Hypotheses Tests 505 -- Confidence Intervals for the Regression Parameters 506 -- Predicting the Dependent Variable 508 -- Confidence Intervals for the Error Term Standard Deviation 515 -- The F Distribution and Measuring the Goodness of Fit 516 -- Testing Hypotheses in Regression Equations 520 -- Calculations 522 -- 13.6 The "Regression" in Regression Analysis 524 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 528 -- Chapter 14 Comparing Populations through the Analysis of Variance 541 -- 14.3 An Introduction to One-Way Analysis of Variance 543 -- For Multiple Treatments, Which Is Best? 550 -- The Link to Regression Analysis 555 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 559 -- Part 6 Retrospective 567 -- Chapter 15 Retrospective 568 -- 15.3 A Schematic Review of What You Have and Learned 568 -- 15.4 The Role of Statistics in Everyday Life 572 -- Case Study: Was There Age Discrimination in a Public Utility? 574 -- 15.5 The Relationship between Science and Statistics 575 -- 15.6 What Might You Learn Next in Statistics? 576 -- Appendix A Mathematical Appendix: Review of Concepts and Conventions 582 -- A.4 Elementary Set Theory 593 -- A.5 Elements of Calculus 596.
- Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 0534371116
9780534371111 - Note:
- Includes index.
Description based on surrogate. - Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Technical Details:
- System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: PC with 486 processor; 32 MB RAM; Windows 95, 98, NT or 2000; 200 MB free disc space.
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