Surface and underground excavations : methods, techniques and equipment / Ratan Raj Tatiya

Author:: Tatiya, Ratan
Published:: Boca Raton : CRC Press/Balkema, [2013]
Copyright Date:: ©2013
Edition:: 2nd ed.
Physical Description:: xxxviii, 866 pages : illustrations ; 27 cm

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Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Excavations and their classification -- 1.2.Surface excavations -- 1.3.Underground excavations -- 1.4.Importance of minerals and brief history of their recovery -- 1.5.Current status of mineral industry -- 1.6.Excavation technologies/systems - development & growth -- 1.7.Unique features of mineral industry -- 1.7.1.Different phases of mine life -- 1.8.Brief history of civil work excavations including tunneling -- 1.9.The current scenario -- 1.9.1.Population growth -- 1.9.2.Lifestyle -- 1.9.3.Globalization -- 1.9.4.Buyer's market -- 1.9.5.Technological developments and renovations -- 1.9.6.Information technology (IT) and its impacts -- 1.10.Tomorrow's mine & civil excavations -- 1.11.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 2.Rocks, minerals and mineral inventory evaluation -- 2.1.Formation process and classification -- 2.1.1.Igneous rocks -- 2.1.2.Sedimentary rocks -- 2.1.3.Metamorphic rocks -- 2.2.Rock cycle & type of deposits -- 2.3.Texture, grain size and shape -- 2.3.1.Grain sizes and shapes -- 2.3.2.Durability, plasticity and swelling potential of rocks -- 2.4.The concepts of mineral resources and reserves; mineral inventory, cutoff grade and ores -- 2.4.1.Some important ores - chemical & mineralogical composition -- 2.5.Geological structures -- 2.5.1.Geometry of a deposit -- 2.5.2.Forms of deposits -- 2.5.3.Structural features of rock mass -- 2.6.Physical and mechanical characteristics of ores and rocks -- 2.6.1.Rocks as rock mechanics -- 2.6.2.Rock composition -- 2.6.3.Rock strength -- 2.7.Some other properties/characteristics -- 2.7.1.Hardness of minerals -- 2.7.2.Rock breakability -- 2.8.Related terms - rock and mineral deposits -- 2.9.Mineral inventory evaluation -- 2.9.1.Introduction -- 2.9.2.Grade computation from borehole data -- 2.9.3.Mineral inventory modelling/estimation techniques -- 2.9.3.1.Method of polygons -- 2.9.3.2.Triangle or triangular prism method -- 2.9.3.3.Cross-sectional method -- 2.9.3.4.Inverse Square Distance Weighting (IDW) method -- 2.9.3.5.Classical statistics -- 2.9.3.6.Geostatistics -- 2.9.3.7.Non-linear estimation techniques in geostatistics -- 2.9.4.Important considerations for evaluation of the mineral inventory -- 2.9.4.1.Homogeneity and mode of origin -- 2.9.4.2.Geological and mineralogical boundaries -- 2.9.5.Computation of the mineral inventory -- 2.9.5.1.Logical steps followed -- 2.9.5.2.Graphical presentation of data -- 2.9.5.3.Statistical analysis and cumulative probability distribution -- 2.9.5.4.Structural analysis - the semi-variogram -- 2.9.5.5.Trend surface analysis -- 2.9.5.6.Checking the variogram model -- 2.9.5.7.Block kriging -- 2.9.5.8.Block dimensions -- 2.9.5.9.Kriging procedure -- 2.9.6.Graphical presentation of the kriged results -- 2.9.7.Grade-tonnage calculation and plotting the curves -- 2.9.8.Selection of a suitable mining/stoping method -- 2.10.Resources classification by UNECE -- 2.11.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 3.Prospecting, exploration & site investigations -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Prospecting and exploration -- 3.2.1.Finding signs of the mineral in the locality or general indications -- 3.2.1.1.Geological studies -- 3.2.1.2.Geo-chemical studies -- 3.2.2.Finding the deposit or preliminary proving -- 3.2.2.1.Geophysical methods/studies/surveys -- 3.2.2.2.Putting exploratory headings -- 3.2.3.Exploring the deposits or detailed proving - prospecting drilling -- 3.3.Phases of prospecting and exploration program -- 3.4.Site investigations for civil constructions, or any excavation project including tunnels and caverns -- 3.5.Rocks and ground characterization -- 3.5.1.Rock strength classification -- 3.5.2.Rock mass classifications -- 3.6.Rock quality designation (RQD) -- 3.6.1.Q (Rock mass quality) system -- 3.6.2.Geomechanics classification (RMR system) -- 3.6.3.Rock structure rating (RSR) -- 3.7.Geological and geotechnical factors -- 3.8.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 4.Drilling -- 4.1.Introduction - unit operations -- 4.2.Primary rock breaking -- 4.3.Drilling -- 4.4.Operating components of the drilling system -- 4.5.Mechanics of rock penetration -- 4.5.1.Top-hammer drilling -- 4.5.2.Down-the-hole (DTH) drilling -- 4.5.3.Rotary drilling -- 4.5.4.Augur drill -- 4.5.5.Rotary abrasive drilling -- 4.6.Rock drill classification -- 4.6.1.Tunneling/development drill jumbos -- 4.6.2.Shaft jumbos -- 4.6.3.Ring drilling jumbos -- 4.6.4.Fan drilling jumbos -- 4.6.5.Wagon drill jumbos -- 4.6.6.DTH drill jumbos -- 4.6.7.Roof bolting jumbos -- 4.7.Motive power of rock drills -- 4.7.1.Electric drills -- 4.7.2.Pneumatic drills -- 4.7.3.Hydraulic drills -- 4.8.Drilling accessories -- 4.8.1.Extension drill steels -- 4.8.2.Bits -- 4.8.3.Impact of rock-type on drilling performance -- 4.9.Selection of drill -- 4.10.Summary - rocks drill applications -- 4.11.Drilling postures -- 4.12.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 5.Explosives and blasting -- 5.1.Introduction - explosives -- 5.2.Detonation and deflagration -- 5.3.Common ingredients of explosives -- 5.4.Classification of explosives -- 5.4.1.Primary or initiating explosives -- 5.4.2.Secondary explosives -- 5.4.3.Pyrotechnic explosives -- 5.4.4.Low explosives -- 5.4.5.Commercial explosives - high explosives -- 5.4.5.1.Gelatin explosives -- 5.4.5.1.1.Dynamites (straight dynamite, ammonia dynamite) -- 5.4.5.1.2.Blasting gelatin -- 5.4.5.1.3.Semi gelatin -- 5.4.5.2.Wet blasting agents -- 5.4.5.2.1.Slurry explosives -- 5.4.5.2.2.Emulsions -- 5.4.5.2.3.Heavy ANFO -- 5.4.5.3.Dry blasting agents -- 5.4.5.3.1.Explosive ANFO -- 5.4.5.3.2.ANFO mixing -- 5.4.5.3.3.ANFO loading -- 5.4.5.4.Pneumatic loaders and principles of loading -- 5.4.5.4.1.Pressure type loaders -- 5.4.5.4.2.Ejector type loader -- 5.4.5.4.3.Combine type (combining pressure and ejecting features) -- 5.4.5.5.Safety aspects -- 5.4.5.6.Static hazards associated with ANFO loading -- 5.4.5.7.Special types of explosives -- 5.4.5.7.1.Permitted explosives -- 5.4.5.7.2.Seismic explosives -- 5.4.5.7.3.Overbreak control explosives -- 5.4.6.Military explosives -- 5.5.Blasting properties of explosives -- 5.5.1.Strength -- 5.5.2.Detonation velocity -- 5.5.3.Density -- 5.5.4.Water resistance -- 5.5.5.Fume characteristics, or class, or medical aspects -- 5.5.6.Oxygen balance -- 5.5.7.Completion of reaction -- 5.5.8.Detonation pressure -- 5.5.9.Borehole pressure and critical diameter -- 5.5.10.Sensitivity -- 5.5.11.Safety in handling & storage qualities -- 5.5.12.Explosive cost -- 5.6.Explosive initiating devices/systems -- 5.6.1.Detonator system -- 5.6.1.1.Detonators -- 5.6.1.2.Instantaneous detonators -- 5.6.1.2.1.Plain detonator -- 5.6.1.2.2.Instantaneous electric detonators -- 5.6.1.3.Delay detonators -- 5.6.1.3.1.Electric delay detonators -- 5.6.1.3.2.Electronic delay detonators -- 5.6.1.3.3.Non-electric delay detonators: detonating relays (ms connectors) -- 5.6.1.3.4.Primadet and anodet non-electric delay blasting systems -- 5.6.1.3.5.The nonel system -- 5.6.1.3.6.Combine primadet-nonel system -- 5.6.1.3.7.The hercudet blasting cap system -- 5.6.1.3.8.Advantages of short delay blasting -- 5.6.2.Fuse/cord system -- 5.6.2.1.Safety fuse -- 5.6.2.2.Detonating fuse/cord (DC) -- 5.6.2.3.Igniter cords (IC) -- 5.7.Explosive charging techniques -- 5.7.1.Water gel (slurry loader) -- 5.8.Blasting accessories -- 5.8.1.Exploders -- 5.8.2.Circuit testers -- 5.8.3.Other blasting tools -- 5.9.Firing systems - classification -- 5.9.1.While firing with a safety fuse -- 5.9.2.Firing with electric detonators -- 5.9.3.Non-electric systems -- 5.10.Ground blasting techniques -- 5.10.1.Control/contour blasting -- 5.10.1.1.Pre-splitting -- 5.10.1.2.Cushion blasting -- 5.10.1.3.Smooth blasting & buffer blasting -- 5.10.1.4.Line drilling -- 5.11.Secondary breaking -- 5.11.1.Secondary rock breaking methods -- 5.11.1.1.With the aid of explosives -- 5.11.1.1.1.Plaster shooting -- 5.11.1.1.2.Pop shooting -- 5.11.1.1.3.Releasing jammed muck from the draw points -- 5.11.2.Without aid of explosives -- 5.11.2.1.Mechanical rock breaking -- 5.11.2.1.1.Manual breaking -- 5.11.2.1.2.Mechanical rock breakers -- 5.11.2.1.3.Hydraulic rock breakers -- 5.11.2.1.4.Teledyne rock breaker -- 5.11.2.2.Electrical rock breaking -- 5.11.2.2.1.Rock breaking by the use of high frequency current -- 5.11.2.3.Hydraulic boulder splitter -- 5.12.Use, handling, transportation and storage of explosives -- 5.12.1.Magazine -- 5.13.Explosive selection -- 5.14.Blasting theory -- 5.14.1.Adverse impacts of explosives -- 5.14.1.1.Ground/land vibrations -- 5.14.1.2.Air blast and noise -- 5.14.1.3.Rock throw -- 5.15.Drilling and blasting performance -- 5.15.1.Percentages pull -- 5.15.2.Over-break factor -- 5.15.3.Degree of fragmentation -- 5.15.4.Overall cost -- 5.16.Recent trends in explosives and blasting technology -- 5.17.Concluding remarks -- Questions -- References -- 6.Mucking, casting and excavation -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Muck characteristics -- 6.3.Classification -- 6.4.Underground mucking units -- 6.4.1.Overshot loaders -- 6.4.2.Autoloaders - hopper loaders and LHDs -- 6.4.2.1.Autoloaders - mucking and delivering -- 6.4.2.2.Mucking and transporting - load haul and dump units (LHDs) -- 6.4.2.2.1.Constructional details -- 6.4.2.2.2.Special provisions -- 6.4.2.2.3.Buckets of LHD and other dimensions -- 6.4.2.2.4.LHD tyres -- 6.4.2.2.5.Distance, gradient and speed -- 6.4.2.2.6.Ventilation -- 6.4.2.2.7.Latest developments -- 6.4.2.3.Desirable features -- 6.4.2.3.1.Perfect layout -- 6.4.2.3.2.Suitable drainage and road maintenance -- 6.4.2.3.3.Well-fragmented muck -- 6.4.2.3.4.Maintenance -- 6.4.2.3.5.Trained personnel -- 6.4.2.4.Advantages -- 6.4.2.5.Limitations -- 6.4.2.6.Manufacturers -- 6.5.Arm loaders -- 6.5.1.Gathering-arm-loader (GAL) -- 6.5.2.Arm loaders for sinking operations -- 6.5.3.Riddle mucker -- 6.5.4.Cryderman mucker -- 6.5.5.Cactus-grab muckers -- 6.5.6.Backhoe mucker -- 6.6.Scrapers --
Contents note continued: 6.7.Mucking in tunnels -- 6.7.1.Dipper and hydraulic shovels -- 6.7.2.Mucking in TBM driven tunnels -- 6.8.Surface - excavation, loading and casting units -- 6.9.Wheel loaders - front end loaders -- 6.10.Backhoe -- 6.11.Hydraulic excavators -- 6.12.Shovel -- 6.13.Dragline -- 6.13.1.Multi bucket excavators -- 6.14.Bucket chain excavator (BCE) -- 6.15.Bucket wheel excavator (BWE) -- 6.16.Calculations for selection of shovel/excavator -- 6.17.Total cost calculations -- 6.18.Governing factors for the selection of mucking equipment -- 6.19.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 7.Transportation - haulage and hoisting -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Haulage system -- 7.2.1.Rail or track mounted - rope haulage -- 7.2.1.1.Rope haulage calculations -- 7.2.1.1.1.Direct rope haulage system -- 7.2.1.1.2.Endless rope haulage system -- 7.2.1.2.Scope and applications of rope haulage -- 7.2.2.Locomotive haulage -- 7.2.2.1.Electric locomotives -- 7.2.2.2.Battery locomotives -- 7.2.2.3.Combination locomotives -- 7.2.2.4.Diesel locomotives -- 7.2.2.5.Compressed air locomotives -- 7.2.2.6.Other fittings -- 7.2.2.7.Locomotive calculations -- 7.3.Trackless or tyred haulage system -- 7.3.1.Automobiles -- 7.3.2.LHD -- 7.3.3.Shuttle car -- 7.3.4.Underground trucks -- 7.3.4.1.Trackless or tyred haulage system -- 7.4.Conveyor system -- 7.4.1.Belt conveyors -- 7.4.1.1.Conveyor calculations -- 7.4.2.Cable belt conveyors -- 7.4.3.Scraper chain conveyors -- 7.5.Hoisting or winding system -- 7.5.1.Head-frame or head-gear -- 7.5.2.Shaft conveyances -- 7.5.3.Rope equipment -- 7.5.4.Classification of hoisting system -- 7.5.4.1.Multi-rope friction winding system -- 7.5.5.Hoisting cycle -- 7.5.6.Calculations of suspended load during hoisting -- 7.5.7.Use of safety devices with a hoisting system -- 7.6.Aerial ropeway -- 7.6.1.Aerial ropeway calculations -- 7.7.Ropes -- 7.7.1.Rope calculations -- 7.8.Track and mine car -- 7.8.1.Track -- 7.8.2.Mine cars -- 7.9.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 8.Supports -- 8.1.Introduction - necessity of supports -- 8.2.Classification of supports -- 8.3.Self support by in-place (in-situ) rock -- 8.3.1.Support by the use of natural pillars -- 8.3.2.Use of artificial supports -- 8.3.2.1.Brick and stone masonry -- 8.3.2.2.Wooden (timber) supports -- 8.3.2.2.1.Calculations with regard to wooden supports -- 8.3.2.3.Steel supports -- 8.3.2.3.1.Steel props, powered and shield supports -- 8.3.2.3.2.Rock bolting -- 8.3.2.4.Concrete supports -- 8.3.2.5.Support by filling -- 8.4.Selection of support -- 8.4.1.Measures to preserve the stability of the stoped out workings or to minimize problems of ground stability -- 8.5.Effect of ore extraction upon displacement of country rock and surface -- 8.6.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 9.Drives and tunnels (conventional methods) -- 9.1.Introduction - function of drives and tunnels -- 9.2.Drivage techniques (for drives and tunnels) -- 9.3.Drivage techniques with the aid of explosives -- 9.3.1.Pattern of holes -- 9.3.1.1.Mechanized-cut kerf -- 9.3.1.2.Blasting off the solid -- 9.3.1.2.1.Parallel hole cuts -- 9.3.1.2.2.Verification of pattern of holes -- 9.3.2.Charging and blasting the rounds -- 9.3.2.1.Placement of primer -- 9.3.2.2.Stemming -- 9.3.2.3.Depth of round/hole -- 9.3.2.4.Charge density in cut-holes and rest of the face area -- 9.3.3.Smooth blasting -- 9.3.3.1.Charging and blasting procedure -- 9.3.3.2.Use of ANFO in drives and tunnels -- 9.4.Muck disposal and handling (mucking and transportation) -- 9.5.Ventilation -- 9.5.1.Mine opening ventilation -- 9.5.1.1.Using general air flow -- 9.5.1.2.Using auxiliary fans: forcing, exhaust or contra rotating -- 9.5.2.Ventilation during civil tunneling -- 9.6.Working cycle (including auxiliary operations) -- 9.7.Driving large sized drives/tunnels in tough rocks -- 9.7.1.Full-face driving/tunneling -- 9.7.2.Pilot heading technique -- 9.7.3.Heading and bench method -- 9.8.Conventional tunneling methods: tunneling through the soft ground and soft rocks -- 9.9.Supports for tunnels and mine openings -- 9.9.1.Classification -- 9.9.2.Selection of supports -- 9.10.Driving without aid of explosives -- 9.11.Pre-cursor or prior to driving civil tunnels -- 9.11.1.Site investigations -- 9.11.2.Location of tunnels -- 9.11.3.Rocks and ground characterization -- 9.11.4.Size, shape, length and orientation (route) of tunnels -- 9.11.5.Preparatory work required -- 9.12.Past, present and future of tunneling technology -- 9.13.Over-break and scaling - some innovations -- 9.14.Longer rounds - some trials -- 9.15.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 10.Tunneling by roadheaders and impact hammers -- 10.1.Tunneling by boom-mounted roadheaders -- 10.2.Classification boom-mounted roadheaders -- 10.2.1.Ripper (transverse) type roadheaders - (Cutter heads with rotation perpendicular to the boom axis) -- 10.2.1.1.Bar type -- 10.2.1.2.Disc type -- 10.3.Milling or longitudinal (auger) roadheaders -- 10.3.1.Borer type roadheaders -- 10.4.Classification based on weight -- 10.5.Advantages of roadheaders -- 10.6.Important developments -- 10.7.Procedure of driving by the heading machines -- 10.8.Auxiliary operations -- 10.8.1.Ground support -- 10.9.Hydraulic impact hammer tunneling -- 10.10.Excavation procedure and cycle of operations -- 10.10.1.Hammer's working cycle -- 10.11.Merit and limitations -- 10.12.Partial face rotary rock tunneling machines -- 10.13.Excavators -- 10.13.1.Excavators mounted within shield -- 10.13.1.1.Excavator buckets -- 10.14.Excavator with multiple tool miner (MTM) attachments -- 10.14.1.Excavator mounted within a shield -- 10.14.2.Excavator-mounted cutter booms (Partial face machines for NATM) -- 10.15.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 11.Full-face tunnel borers (TBMs) & special methods -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.1.1.Improved understanding -- 11.2.Tunneling methods and procedures -- 11.3.Full-face tunneling machines -- 11.3.1.Full-face tunnel borers (mechanical) TBM - open and shielded -- 11.3.2.Mechanical excavation of the full cross-section with open type machines -- 11.3.2.1.Open main beam machines -- 11.3.2.2.Single shield -- 11.3.2.3.Double shield -- 11.3.2.4.Enlarging TBM -- 11.4.Mini tunnel borers -- 11.5.Boring system -- 11.6.Rock cutting tools and their types -- 11.6.1.Cutting head configuration -- 11.7.TBM performance -- 11.7.1.Economical aspects -- 11.8.Size of unit and its overall length including its trailing gear -- 11.8.1.Advantages -- 11.8.2.Disadvantages -- 11.9.Backup system/activities -- 11.9.1.Muck disposal -- 11.9.2.Single track -- 11.9.3.Double track -- 11.9.4.Continuous conveyor system -- 11.9.5.Other back-ups include -- 11.10.TBMs for soft ground/formations -- 11.10.1.Full-face shield with picks -- 11.10.2.Compressed air shields -- 11.10.3.Slurry shield -- 11.10.4.Earth pressure balance -- 11.10.4.1.Segments -- 11.10.4.2.Back filling -- 11.10.4.3.Auxiliary construction measures -- 11.10.5.Developments -- 11.11.Phases of tunneling project -- 11.11.1.Tunnel portal -- 11.11.2.Phases of a TBM project -- 11.12.Future technology -- 11.12.1.Hard rock TBMs -- 11.12.2.Soft ground machines -- 11.13.New Austrian tunneling method (NATM) -- 11.13.1.NATM design philosophy and typical features -- 11.13.2.Ground categories and tunneling procedures -- 11.13.2.1.Excavation sequence -- 11.13.3.Semi-mechanized methods -- 11.14.Tunneling through abnormal or difficult ground using special methods -- 11.14.1.Ground treatment -- 11.14.1.1.Reinforcement -- 11.14.1.2.Treatment that tackles the problems arising due to the presence of water -- 11.14.1.3.Lowering water table/ground water -- 11.14.1.4.Use of compressed air to hold back water -- 11.14.1.5.Grouting -- 11.14.1.6.Freezing - -- 11.15.Cut and cover method of tunneling -- 11.16.Submerged tubes/tunnels -- 11.17.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 12.Planning -- 12.1.Economic studies -- 12.1.1.Phases or stages in economic studies -- 12.1.1.1.Preliminary studies or valuation -- 12.1.1.2.Intermediate economic study or pre-feasibility study -- 12.1.1.3.Feasibility study -- 12.1.1.3.1.Information on deposit -- 12.1.1.3.2.Information on general project economics -- 12.1.1.3.3.Mining method selection -- 12.1.1.3.4.Processing methods -- 12.1.1.3.5.Ecology -- 12.1.1.3.6.Capital and operating costs estimates -- 12.1.1.3.7.Project cost & rates of return -- 12.1.1.3.8.Comments -- 12.1.2.Conceptual mine planning and detailed project reports -- 12.1.2.1.Conceptual studies/models -- 12.1.2.2.Engineering studies -- 12.1.2.3.Models and detailed design -- 12.2.Mine design elements -- 12.2.1.Mineral resources and reserves -- 12.2.2.Cutoff grade -- 12.2.2.1.Mining & process plant input-output calculations (for a copper mining complex) -- 12.2.2.2.Cutoff grade calculations -- 12.2.3.Interrelationship amongst the mine design elements -- 12.2.4.Mine life -- 12.2.4.1.Phases or stages during mine life -- 12.3.Dividing property for the purpose of underground mining -- 12.3.1.Panel system -- 12.3.2.Level system -- 12.3.3.Level interval -- 12.4.Mine planning duration -- 12.5.Mine development - introduction -- 12.6.Access to deposit or means of mine access -- 12.7.System - opening up a deposit -- 12.7.1.Opening deposit in parts -- 12.7.2.Opening up the whole deposit -- 12.8.Positioning and developing the main haulage levels -- 12.8.1.Selecting development in ore or rock (country rock) -- 12.8.2.Vertical development in the form of raises -- 12.8.3.Connecting main levels by ramps/declines/slopes -- 12.8.4.Determination of optimal load concentration point -- 12.8.4.1.Analytical method -- 12.8.4.2.Graphical method: funicular diagram -- 12.9.Size and shape of mine openings and tunnels -- 12.10.Pit top layouts -- 12.11.Pit bottom layouts -- 12.11.1.Types of pit bottom layouts -- 12.12.Structures concerning pit bottom layouts -- 12.13.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 13.Excavations in upward direction - raising --
Contents note continued: 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Raise applications in civil and construction industries -- 13.3.Classification - types of raises for mines -- 13.4.Raise driving techniques -- 13.5.Conventional raising method: open raising -- 13.6.Conventional raising method: raising by compartment -- 13.7.Raising by the use of mechanical climbers: Jora hoist -- 13.8.Raising by mechanical climbers: Alimak raise climber -- 13.8.1.Preparatory work and fittings -- 13.8.2.Ignition and telephone systems -- 13.8.3.Cycle of operations -- 13.8.4.Performance -- 13.8.5.Design variants -- 13.8.6.Air-driven unit -- 13.8.7.Electrically driven unit -- 13.8.8.Diesel-hydraulic unit -- 13.9.Blasthole raising method: long-hole raising -- 13.9.1.Marking the raise -- 13.9.2.Equipment installation -- 13.9.3.Drilling -- 13.9.4.Raise correlation -- 13.9.5.Blowing and plugging the holes -- 13.9.6.Charging and blasting -- 13.9.7.Limitations -- 13.9.8.Advantages -- 13.10.Blasthole raising method: drop raising -- 13.11.Raising by the application of raise borers -- 13.12.Raise boring in a package - BorPak -- 13.13.Ore pass/waste rock pass -- 13.13.1.Size and shape -- 13.13.2.Ore pass lining -- 13.13.3.Design consideration of rock pass/ore pass -- 13.14.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 14.Shaft sinking -- 14.1.Introduction -- 14.2.Location -- 14.3.Preparatory work required -- 14.4.Sinking appliances, equipment and services -- 14.5.Sinking methods and procedure -- 14.6.Reaching up to the rock head -- 14.6.1.Pre-sink -- 14.7.Sinking through the rock -- 14.7.1.Drilling -- 14.7.2.Blasting -- 14.7.3.Lashing and mucking -- 14.7.4.Hoisting -- 14.7.5.Support or shaft lining -- 14.7.6.Auxiliary operations -- 14.7.6.1.Dewatering -- 14.7.6.2.Ventilation -- 14.7.6.3.Illumination -- 14.7.6.4.Shaft centering -- 14.7.6.5.Station construction and initial development -- 14.8.Special methods of shaft sinking -- 14.9.Piling system -- 14.10.Caisson method -- 14.10.1.Sinking drum process -- 14.10.2.Forced drop-shaft method -- 14.10.3.Pneumatic caisson method -- 14.11.Special methods by temporary or permanent isolation of water -- 14.11.1.Cementation -- 14.11.1.1.Boring/Drilling -- 14.11.1.2.Cementation -- 14.11.1.3.Sinking and walling -- 14.12.The freezing process -- 14.12.1.Drilling and lining of boreholes -- 14.12.2.Formation and maintenance of the ice column -- 14.12.3.Actual sinking operations -- 14.12.4.Thawing of ice wall -- 14.12.5.Freezing - shafts -- 14.12.6.Ground freezing practices in Germany -- 14.13.Shaft drilling and boring -- 14.13.1.Shaft drilling -- 14.13.2.Shaft boring -- 14.14.Safety in sinking shafts -- 14.14.1.Field tests and measurements -- 14.15.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 15.Large sub-surface excavations -- 15.1.Introduction -- 15.2.Caverns -- 15.2.1.Constructional details - important aspects -- 15.2.1.1.Construction procedure -- 15.3.Powerhouse caverns -- 15.4.Oil storage caverns -- 15.5.Repository -- 15.6.Salt cavern storage -- 15.7.Aquifer storage -- 15.8.Exhibition hall caverns -- 15.9.Underground chambers in mines -- 15.10.Equipment and services selection -- 15.11.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 16.Underground mining/stoping methods & mine closure -- 16.1.Introduction -- 16.1.1.Factors governing choice of a mining method -- 16.1.1.1.Shape and size of the deposit -- 16.1.1.2.Thickness of deposit -- 16.1.1.3.Dip of the deposit -- 16.1.1.4.Physical and mechanical characteristics of the ore and the enclosing rocks -- 16.1.1.5.Presence of geological disturbances and influence of the direction of cleats or partings -- 16.1.1.6.Degree of mechanization and output required -- 16.1.1.7.Ore grade and its distribution, and value of the product -- 16.1.1.8.Depth of the deposit -- 16.1.1.9.Presence of water -- 16.1.1.10.Presence of gases -- 16.1.1.11.Ore & country rock susceptibility to caking and oxidation -- 16.1.2.Desirable features of selecting a stoping method -- 16.1.3.Classification - stoping methods -- 16.2.Open stoping methods -- 16.2.1.Open stoping method - room & pillar stoping -- 16.2.1.1.Introduction -- 16.2.1.2.Stope preparation -- 16.2.1.3.Unit operations -- 16.2.1.4.Stoping operations -- 16.2.1.5.Bord and pillar -- 16.2.1.6.Block system -- 16.2.1.7.Stope and pillar -- 16.2.1.7.1.Advantages -- 16.2.1.7.2.Limitations -- 16.2.2.Open stoping method - shrinkage stoping -- 16.2.2.1.Introduction -- 16.2.2.2.Stope preparation -- 16.2.2.3.Unit operations -- 16.2.2.4.Stoping operations -- 16.2.2.5.Layouts -- 16.2.2.5.1.Winning the pillars -- 16.2.2.5.2.Advantages -- 16.2.2.5.3.Limitations -- 16.2.3.Open stoping method - sublevel stoping -- 16.2.3.1.Introduction -- 16.2.3.2.Sublevel stoping with benching -- 16.2.3.3.Blasthole stoping -- 16.2.3.4.Longitudinal sublevel stoping -- 16.2.3.5.Transverse sublevel stoping -- 16.2.3.6.Blasthole drilling -- 16.2.4.Large blasthole stoping -- 16.2.4.1.Stope preparation (general procedure) -- 16.2.4.2.VCR method -- 16.2.4.3.Unit operations -- 16.2.4.4.Layouts -- 16.2.4.4.1.Advantages -- 16.2.4.4.2.Limitations -- 16.2.4.4.3.Winning the pillars -- 16.3.Supported stoping methods -- 16.3.1.Supported stoping method - stull stoping -- 16.3.1.1.Introduction -- 16.3.1.2.Unit operations -- 16.3.1.3.Auxiliary operations -- 16.3.1.4.Stope preparation -- 16.3.1.5.Stoping -- 16.3.1.6.Layouts -- 16.3.1.6.1.Variants -- 16.3.1.6.2.Advantages -- 16.3.1.6.3.Limitations -- 16.3.2.Supported stoping method: cut & fill stoping -- 16.3.2.1.Introduction -- 16.3.2.2.Stope preparation -- 16.3.2.3.Stoping -- 16.3.2.4.Unit operations -- 16.3.2.5.Auxiliary operations -- 16.3.2.5.1.Advantages -- 16.3.2.5.2.Limitations -- 16.3.2.5.3.Variants -- 16.3.2.6.Cut and fill with flat back -- 16.3.2.7.Cut and fill with inclined slicing -- 16.3.2.8.Post and pillar cut and fill stoping -- 16.3.2.9.Stope drive or undercut and fill stoping -- 16.3.2.9.1.Filling methods during deep mining -- 16.3.2.9.2.Top slicing (An undercut-and-fill method) -- 16.3.2.9.3.Filling materials -- 16.3.3.Supported stoping method - square set stoping -- 16.3.3.1.Introduction -- 16.3.3.2.Stope preparation -- 16.3.3.3.Stoping -- 16.3.3.4.Unit operations -- 16.3.3.5.Auxiliary operations -- 16.3.3.6.Layouts -- 16.3.3.6.1.Advantages -- 16.3.3.6.2.Limitations -- 16.4.Caving methods -- 16.4.1.Caving method - longwall mining -- 16.4.1.1.Introduction -- 16.4.1.2.Unit operations -- 16.4.1.3.While mining coal -- 16.4.1.4.Stope preparation -- 16.4.1.5.Stoping operations -- 16.4.1.6.Layouts -- 16.4.1.6.1.Advantages -- 16.4.1.6.2.Limitations -- 16.4.1.7.Mining at ultra depths -- 16.4.2.Caving method - sublevel caving -- 16.4.2.1.Introduction -- 16.4.2.2.Unit operations -- 16.4.2.2.1.Variants -- 16.4.2.3.Stope preparation (transverse sublevel caving) -- 16.4.2.4.Stope preparation (sublevel caving - longitudinal) -- 16.4.2.5.Layouts -- 16.4.2.5.1.Advantages -- 16.4.2.5.2.Limitations -- 16.4.3.Caving method - block caving -- 16.4.3.1.Introduction -- 16.4.3.2.Unit operations -- 16.4.3.2.1.Variants -- 16.4.3.3.Methods of draw -- 16.4.3.4.Stope preparation -- 16.4.3.5.Layouts -- 16.4.3.5.1.Advantages -- 16.4.3.5.2.Limitations -- 16.5.Common aspects -- 16.5.1.Stope design -- 16.5.1.1.Model parameters -- 16.5.1.2.Design parameters -- 16.5.2.Application of computers in stope design and economic analysis -- 16.5.3.Proposed methodology for selection of a stoping method for the base metal deposits with a case study -- 16.6.Mine liquidation -- 16.6.1.Liquidation of the stopes of different types -- 16.6.2.Planning liquidation -- 16.6.3.Liquidation techniques -- 16.6.4.Pillar types & methods of their extraction -- 16.6.4.1.Pillar extraction methods -- 16.6.4.2.Planning a heavy-blast for liquidation purpose -- 16.6.5.Case studies -- 16.6.5.1.Heavy blasting at a copper mine -- 16.6.5.2.Remnant pillars' blast at lead-zinc mine -- 16.6.5.2.1.Blast planning -- 16.6.5.2.2.Results of the blast -- 16.7.Planning for mine closure -- 16.7.1.Introduction -- 16.7.2.Phases - mine closure -- 16.7.3.The integrated mine closure planning guidelines (toolkit) -- 16.7.3.1.Salient features (parameters to be considered) for closure planning -- 16.7.3.2.Guidelines/toolkit details -- 16.7.3.3.Glossary -- 16.8.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 17.Surface excavations -- 17.1.Introduction - surface mining methods -- 17.2.Open pit mining -- 17.2.1.Open pit elements -- 17.2.1.1.Bench angle or slope -- 17.2.2.Overall pit slope angle -- 17.2.2.1.Computation of overall pit slope angle -- 17.2.3.Stripping ratio -- 17.2.4.Overall pit profile -- 17.2.4.1.Coning concept for open pit design -- 17.2.5.Stripping sequence -- 17.3.Haul roads -- 17.4.Ramp and its gradient -- 17.5.Open cast mining/strip mining -- 17.5.1.Introduction -- 17.5.2.Design aspects -- 17.5.3.Operational details - surface mines -- 17.5.3.1.Planning -- 17.5.3.2.Site preparation -- 17.5.3.3.Opening up the deposit -- 17.5.4.Development -- 17.5.4.1.Waste rock dumps -- 17.5.5.Bench blasting design patterns -- 17.5.5.1.Linear formulas -- 17.5.5.2.Power formulas derived by statistical analysis -- 17.5.5.3.Formulas related to energy transfer in rock blasting, burden and blasthole diameter -- 17.5.5.4.Tatiya and Adel's formula to determine burden with respect to blasthole diameter -- 17.5.5.5.Powder factor method -- 17.5.6.Drilling and blasting operations -- 17.5.7.Cast blasting -- 17.5.8.Muck handling -- 17.5.9.Selection of excavator and transportation units -- 17.5.10.Calculations for selection of shovel/excavator -- 17.5.10.1.Time factor -- 17.5.10.2.Operational factor (Of) -- 17.5.10.3.Bucket fill factor (Bf) -- 17.5.11.Theoretical output from an excavator/hr -- 17.5.12.Output from a continuous flow unit -- 17.5.13.Transportation schemes -- 17.5.14.In-pit crushing and conveying -- 17.5.15.Dumping site -- 17.5.16.Integrated or matching equipment complex -- 17.5.16.1.Global Positioning System (GPS) -- 17.5.17.Quarrying of dimension stones -- 17.6.Quarrying of dimension stones -- 17.6.1.Drilling --
Contents note continued: 17.6.2.Line drilling -- 17.6.3.Discontinuous or spaced drilling -- 17.6.4.Drilling and blasting -- 17.6.4.1.Blast results at Vanga granite quarry in southern Sweden -- 17.6.5.Wire cutter - helicoid and diamond -- 17.6.6.Cutter saw and rock channellers (impact cutting machines) -- 17.6.6.1.Merits -- 17.6.6.2.Disadvantages -- 17.7.The diamond belt saw -- 17.7.1.Water jet technology -- 17.7.2.Thermal cutting -- 17.7.3.Underground quarrying -- 17.8.Earth movers -- 17.9.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 18.Hazards, occupational health and safety (OHS), environment and loss prevention -- 18.1.Introduction -- 18.2.Potential excavation hazards -- 18.2.1.Hazards (risks) analysis and management -- 18.3.Safety and accidents -- 18.3.1.Terminology -- 18.3.2.Safety strategies -- 18.3.3.Safety elements -- 18.3.3.1.People/mine workers -- 18.3.3.2.The systems -- 18.3.3.3.The working environment (conditions) -- 18.3.4.Accidents -- 18.3.4.1.Accidents/incident analysis & calculations -- 18.3.4.2.Common accident areas/heads -- 18.3.4.3.Accident costs -- 18.3.4.4.Remedial measures -- 18.3.4.5.Measures/preparedness -- 18.3.4.6.Hazards analysis methods -- 18.4.Occupational health and surveillance -- 18.4.1.Industrial hygiene -- 18.4.1.1.Aqueous effluents - permissible quality & efficient discharge -- 18.4.1.2.House keeping -- 18.4.1.3.The 5S concept -- 18.4.2.Working conditions -- 18.4.3.Ergonomics -- 18.4.3.1.Introduction -- 18.4.3.2.Impacts of poor ergonomics -- 18.4.4.Occupational health surveillance -- 18.4.4.1.Organizational culture and workplace stresses -- 18.4.4.2.`Presenteeism' - lost performance at work -- 18.4.4.3.Periodic health surveillance: based on exposure-risk -- 18.4.4.4.Notified diseases and preventive measures -- 18.5.Environment degradation and mitigation measures -- 18.5.1.Balance system/equation -- 18.5.2.Environmental degradation -- 18.5.3.Environmental management -- 18.5.4.Environmental system -- 18.6.Loss prevention -- 18.6.1.Classification - losses -- 18.6.2.Abnormalities -- 18.6.3.5W-2H analysis -- 18.6.4.Wastage -- 18.6.5.Case-study illustrating computation of financial losses -- 18.6.6.Use of Information Technology (IT) in integrating processes and information -- 18.7.The way forward -- Questions -- References -- 19.Sustainable Development -- 19.1.Sustainable Development (SD) in mining -- 19.1.1.Sustainable development -- 19.1.2.Global issues & backlog on sustainable development -- 19.1.3.Sustainable development in mining -- 19.2.Stakeholders and sustainable development -- 19.2.1.Principles/guidelines for SD by ICMM -- 19.2.2.Status of SD in mining, based on stakeholders' views though a survey by globalscan -- 19.3.Scenarios influencing mining industry -- 19.3.1.Population growth and resulting impacts/implications -- 19.3.2.Use of minerals by world's citizens -- 19.3.3.Mineral consumption trends -- 19.3.4.Status of quality, quantity, type of mineral and resources depletion -- 19.3.5.Mineral consumption prediction -- 19.3.6.Mining industry's inherent problems and challenges -- 19.3.7.Global risk ranking and competitiveness in the mining sector -- 19.4.Is mining industry equipped to meet the challenges? -- 19.4.1.Technological developments in mining -- 19.4.2.Initiatives already taken globally to meet demand of minerals mass consumption -- 19.5.Proposed strategy to run mines is an economically viable (beneficial) way -- 19.5.1.Exploration: huge, intensive & speedy together with bringing precision in ore evaluation techniques -- 19.5.2.Establishing mineral inventory, cutoff grade and ore reserves -- 19.5.3.Division of mineral property (i.e. orebody or coal deposits into level and panels) -- 19.5.4.Locale-specific challenges and proposed solutions/way-outs -- 19.5.4.1.Underground metalliferous mining challenges -- 19.5.4.2.Underground coal mining challenges -- 19.5.4.3.Open cast/open pit mines (coal & non coal) challenges -- 19.5.5.Mining difficult deposits using non-conventional technologies -- 19.5.6.Improved fragmentation - a better way to extract minerals (ore, waste rocks, overburden) to save energy -- 19.5.7.Precision in operations - maximizing recovery -- 19.5.8.The critical path to full automation -- 19.5.9.Effective utilization of resources through standardization & benchmarking -- 19.5.10.Needs-based changes, research and development -- 19.6.Measures for SD through improvements environmentally, socially and ethically -- 19.6.1.HSE - a critical business activity for sustainable development -- 19.6.2.Economic development regional as well as local - A case-study -- 19.7.Legal compliances and mining policy' -- 19.7.1.Mining laws - legislation -- 19.7.2.Minerals & mining policy -- 19.8.Quality of human resources -- 19.8.1.Academic (educational) status and standard of mining schools -- 19.9.The ultimate aim -- 19.9.1.Contented employees & stakeholders -- 19.9.2.Efficient systems including best practices -- 19.9.3.Legal compliance including Environment Management Systems (EMS) -- 19.9.4.World Class Management (WCM) -- 19.10.The way forward: proposed milestones/strategy.

Summary:

"This expanded second edition is a comprehensive text on the latest technologies and developments in excavation for any type of surface or underground excavation. A great number of topics is covered, as well as excavation techniques for various operations. The book has been wholly revised, and includes the latest trends and best practices as well as questions at the end of each chapter. It is now even more appealing to students in earth sciences, geology and in civil, mining and construction engineering and those with a general or professional interest in surface and underground excavations"--Provided by publisher.

Subject(s):

ISBN:

9780415621199 (hardback : alk. paper)
0415621194 (hardback : alk. paper)

Bibliography Note:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

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