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Essentials of anatomy & physiology / Frederic H. Martini, Edwin F. Bartholomew ; with William C. Ober [and others].

Author
Martini, Frederic
Additional Titles
Essentials of anatomy and physiology
Published
Boston : Pearson, [date of publication not identified][2013]
Copyright Date
©2013
Edition
6th ed.
Physical Description
xxxv, 704 pages (various pagings) : color illustrations ; 29 cm
Additional Creators
Bartholomew, Edwin F. and Ober, William C.

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Contents
Machine generated contents note: 1.An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology -- 1-1.The common functions of all living things include responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism -- 1-2.Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function -- Anatomy -- Physiology -- 1-3.Levels of organization progress from atoms and molecules to a complete organism -- 1-4.The human body consists of 11 organ systems -- 1-5.Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance -- 1-6.Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them -- Negative Feedback -- Positive Feedback -- 1-7.Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections -- Surface Anatomy -- Sectional Anatomy -- 1-8.Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape -- The Thoracic Cavity -- The Abdominopelvic Cavity -- Spotlight -- Imaging Techniques -- Clinical Note -- Homeostasis and Disease -- Chapter Review -- 2.The Chemical Level of Organization -- 2-1.Atoms are the basic particles of matter -- Atomic Structure -- Isotopes -- Atomic Weight -- Electron Shells -- 2-2.Chemical bonds are forces formed by atom interactions -- Ionic Bonds -- Covalent Bonds -- Hydrogen Bonds -- 2-3.Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology -- Basic Energy Concepts -- Types of Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- 2-4.Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering a reaction's activation energy -- 2-5.Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon, and organic compounds always contain carbon -- 2-6.Physiological systems depend on water -- 2-7.Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis -- 2-8.Acids, bases, and salts are inorganic compounds with important physiological roles -- Salts -- Buffers and pH -- 2-9.Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio -- Monosaccharides -- Disaccharides and Polysaccharides -- 2-10.Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2 -- Fatty Acids -- Fats -- Steroids -- Phospholipids -- 2-11.Proteins are formed from amino acids and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen -- Protein Function -- Protein Structure -- Enzyme Function -- 2-12.DNA and RNA are nucleic acids -- Structure of Nucleic Acids -- 2-13.ATP is a high-energy compound used by cells -- 2-14.Chemicals form functional units called cells -- Spotlight -- Chemical Notation -- Clinical Note -- Fatty Acids and Health -- Chapter Review -- 3.Cell Structure and Function -- 3-1.The study of cells provides the foundation for understanding human physiology -- The Study of Cells -- An Overview of Cell Anatomy -- 3-2.The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment and performs various functions -- Membrane Lipids -- Membrane Proteins -- Membrane Carbohydrates -- 3-3.Diffusion and filtration are passive transport mechanisms that assist membrane passage -- Diffusion -- Filtration -- 3-4.Carrier-mediated and vesicular transport mechanisms assist membrane passage -- Carrier-Mediated Transport -- Vesicular Transport -- 3-5.Organelles within the cytoplasm perform specific functions -- The Cytosol -- The Organelles -- 3-6.The nucleus contains DNA and enzymes essential for controlling cellular activities -- Nuclear Structure and Contents -- Information Storage in the Nucleus -- 3-7.DNA controls protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function -- Transcription -- Translation -- 3-8.Stages of a cell's life cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis -- Interphase -- Mitosis -- Cytokinesis -- 3-9.Tumors and cancers are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division -- 3-10.Differentiation is cellular specialization as a result of gene activation or repression -- Spotlights -- Anatomy of a Model Cell -- Protein Synthesis and Packaging -- Clinical Notes -- DNA Fingerprinting -- Mutations -- Chapter Review -- 4.The Tissue Level of Organization -- 4-1.The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural -- 4-2.Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essential functions -- Functions of Epithelia -- Intercellular Connections -- The Epithelial Surface -- The Basement Membrane -- Epithelial Renewal and Repair -- 4-3.Cell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia -- Cell Layers -- Cell Shapes -- Classification of Epithelia -- Glandular Epithelia -- 4-4.Connective tissue provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types -- Connective Tissue Proper -- Types of Connective Tissue Proper -- Fluid Connective Tissues -- Supporting Connective Tissues -- 4-5.Tissue membranes are physical barriers of four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial -- Mucous Membranes -- Serous Membranes -- The Cutaneous Membrane -- Synovial Membranes -- 4-6.The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth -- Skeletal Muscle Tissue -- Cardiac Muscle Tissue -- Smooth Muscle Tissue -- 4-7.Neural tissue responds to stimuli and conducts electrical impulses throughout the body -- 4-8.The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration -- 4-9.With advancing age, tissue repair declines and cancer rates increase -- Aging and Tissue Structure -- Aging and Cancer Incidence -- Clinical Notes -- Exfoliative Cytology -- Marfan Syndrome -- Adipose Tissue and Weight Control -- Cartilages and Joint Injuries -- Chapter Review -- 5.The Integumentary System -- 5-1.The epidermis is composed of strata (layers) with various functions -- Stratum Basale -- Intermediate Strata -- Stratum Corneum -- 5-2.Factors influencing skin color are epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation -- The Role of Pigmentation -- The Role of Dermal Circulation -- 5-3.Sunlight has detrimental and beneficial effects on the skin -- The Epidermis and Vitamin D3 -- Skin Cancers -- 5-4.The dermis is the tissue layer that supports the epidermis -- 5-5.The hypodermis connects the dermis to underlying tissues -- 5-6.Hair is composed of dead, keratinized cells that have been pushed to the skin surface -- The Structure of Hair and Hair Follicles -- Functions of Hair -- Hair Color -- 5-7.Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin -- Sebaceous (Oil) Glands -- Sweat Glands -- 5-8.Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes -- 5-9.Several steps are involved in repairing the integument following an injury -- Repair of Skin Injuries -- Effects of Burns -- 5-10.Effects of aging include dermal thinning, wrinkling, and reduced melanocyte activity -- Clinical Notes -- Drug Administration through the Skin -- Hair Loss -- Career Paths -- EMT/Paramedic -- Chapter Review -- 6.The Skeletal System -- 6-1.The skeletal system has five primary functions -- 6-2.Bones are classified according to shape and structure -- Macroscopic Features of Bone -- Microscopic Features of Bone -- 6-3.Ossification and appositional growth are mechanisms of bone formation and enlargement -- Intramembranous Ossification -- Endochondral Ossification -- Bone Growth and Body Proportions -- Requirements for Normal Bone Growth -- 6-4.Bone growth and development depend on a balance between bone formation and resorption, and on calcium availability -- The Role of Remodeling in Support -- The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve -- Repair of Fractures -- 6-5.Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue -- 6-6.The bones of the skeleton are distinguished by surface markings and grouped into two skeletal divisions -- Bone Markings (Surface Features) -- Skeletal Divisions -- 6-7.The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage make up the axial skeleton -- The Skull -- The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage -- 6-8.The pectoral girdle and upper limb bones, and the pelvic girdle and lower limb bones, make up the appendicular skeleton -- The Pectoral Girdle -- The Upper Limb -- The Pelvic Girdle -- The Lower Limb -- 6-9.Joints are categorized according to their range of motion or anatomical organization -- Immovable Joints (Synarthroses) -- Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses) -- Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses) -- 6-10.Anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints enable various skeletal movements -- Types of Movement -- Types of Synovial Joints -- 6-11.Intervertebral articulations and appendicular articulations demonstrate functional differences in support and mobility -- Intervertebral Articulations -- Articulations of the Upper Limb -- Articulations of the Lower Limb -- 6-12.The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for other body systems -- Spotlight -- Synovial Joints -- Clinical Notes -- Types of Fractures -- Osteoporosis -- Rheumatism and Arthritis -- Hip Fractures -- Career Paths -- Dental Hygienist -- Chapter Review -- 7.The Muscular System -- 7-1.Skeletal muscle performs five primary functions -- 7-2.A skeletal muscle contains muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves -- Connective Tissue Organization -- Blood Vessels and Nerves -- 7-3.Skeletal muscle fibers have distinctive features -- The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules -- Myofibrils -- The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -- Sarcomeres -- 7-4.Communication between the nervous system and skeletal muscles occurs at neuromuscular junctions -- The Neuromuscular Junction -- The Contraction Cycle -- 7-5.Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension -- Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation -- Number of Muscle Fibers Activated -- Isotonic and Isometric Contractions -- Muscle Elongation Following Contraction -- 7-6.ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction -- ATP and CP Reserves -- ATP Generation -- Energy Use and the Level of Muscle Activity -- Muscle Fatigue -- The Recovery Period -- 7-7.Muscle performance depends on muscle fiber type and physical conditioning -- Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers -- Physical Conditioning --, Contents note continued: 7-8.Cardiac and smooth muscle tissues differ structurally and functionally from skeletal muscle tissue -- Cardiac Muscle Tissue -- Smooth Muscle Tissue -- 7-9.Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles -- Origins, Insertions, and Actions -- Names of Skeletal Muscles -- 7-10.Axial muscles are muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, trunk, and pelvic floor -- Muscles of the Head and Neck -- Muscles of the Spine -- The Axial Muscles of the Trunk -- Muscles of the Pelvic Floor -- 7-11.Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulders, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs -- Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs -- Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs -- 7-12.With advancing age, the size and power of muscle tissue decrease -- 7-13.Exercise produces responses in multiple body systems -- Spotlights -- Skeletal Muscle Innervation -- The Contraction Cycle -- Clinical Notes -- Interference with Neural Control Mechanisms -- Rigor Mortis -- Tetanus -- Hernias -- Intramuscular Injections -- Career Paths -- Massage Therapist -- Chapter Review -- 8.The Nervous System -- 8-1.The nervous system has anatomical and functional divisions -- 8-2.Neurons are specialized for intercellular communication and are supported by cells called neuroglia -- Neurons -- Neuroglia -- Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System -- 8-3.In neurons, a change in the plasma membrane's electrical potential may result in an action potential (nerve impulse) -- The Membrane Potential -- Propagation of an Action Potential -- 8-4.At synapses, communication occurs among neurons or between neurons and other cells -- Structure of a Synapse -- Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters -- Neuronal Pools -- 8-5.The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of membranes called the meninges -- The Dura Mater -- The Arachnoid -- The Pia Mater -- 8-6.The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and connects to 31 pairs of spinal nerves -- Gross Anatomy -- Sectional Anatomy -- 8-7.The brain has several principal structures, each with specific functions -- The Major Regions of the Brain -- The Ventricles of the Brain -- The Cerebrum -- The Diencephalon -- The Midbrain -- The Pons -- The Cerebellum -- The Medulla Oblongata -- 8-8.The PNS connects the CNS with the body's external and internal environments -- The Cranial Nerves -- The Spinal Nerves -- Nerve Plexuses -- 8-9.Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli -- Simple Reflexes -- Complex Reflexes -- Integration and Control of Spinal Reflexes -- 8-10.Separate pathways carry sensory information and motor commands -- Sensory Pathways -- Motor Pathways -- 8-11.The autonomic nervous system, composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is involved in the unconscious regulation of body functions -- The Sympathetic Division -- The Parasympathetic Division -- Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions -- 8-12.Aging produces various structural and functional changes in the nervous system -- 8-13.The nervous system is closely integrated with other body systems -- Spotlight -- The Generation of an Action Potential -- Clinical Notes -- Demyelination Disorders -- Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages -- Spinal Cord Injuries -- Aphasia and Dyslexia -- Seizures -- Cerebral Palsy -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Career Paths -- Physician Assistant -- Chapter Review -- 9.The General and Special Senses -- 9-1.Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system -- 9-2.General sensory receptors are classified by the type of stimulus that excites them -- Pain -- Temperature -- Touch, Pressure, and Position -- Chemical Detection -- 9-3.Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli -- The Olfactory Pathways -- 9-4.Gustation, the sense of taste, involves taste receptors responding to chemical stimuli -- The Taste Pathways -- 9-5.Internal eye structures contribute to vision, while accessory eye structures provide protection -- The Accessory Structures of the Eye -- The Eye -- 9-6.Photoreceptors respond to light and change it into electrical signals essential to visual physiology -- Rods and Cones -- Photoreceptor Structure -- Photoreception -- The Visual Pathways -- 9-7.Equilibrium sensations originate within the internal ear, while hearing involves the detection and interpretation of sound waves -- Anatomy of the Ear -- Equilibrium -- Hearing -- 9-8.Aging is accompanied by a noticeable decline in the special senses -- Smell and Aging -- Taste and Aging -- Vision and Aging -- Hearing and Aging -- Spotlight -- Accommodation Problems -- Clinical Notes -- Cataracts -- Visual Acuity -- Night Blindness -- Hearing Deficits -- Chapter Review -- 10.The Endocrine System -- 10-1.Homeostasis is preserved through intercellular communication -- 10-2.The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to receptors -- The Structure of Hormones -- Mechanisms of Hormonal Action -- The Secretion and Distribution of Hormones -- The Control of Endocrine Activity -- 10-3.The bilobed pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that releases nine peptide hormones -- The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland -- The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland -- 10-4.The thyroid gland lies inferior to the larynx and requires iodine for hormone synthesis -- Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones -- The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin -- 10-5.The four parathyroid glands, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone to elevate blood calcium levels -- 10-6.The adrenal glands, consisting of a cortex and a medulla, cap each kidney and secrete several hormones -- The Adrenal Cortex -- The Adrenal Medulla -- 10-7.The pineal gland, attached to the third ventricle, secretes melatonin -- 10-8.The endocrine pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood glucose levels -- 10-9.Many organs have secondary endocrine functions -- The Intestines -- The Kidneys -- The Heart -- The Thymus -- The Gonads -- Adipose Tissue -- 10-10.Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses -- Hormones and Growth -- Hormones and Stress -- Hormones and Behavior -- Hormones and Aging -- 10-11.Extensive integration occurs between the endocrine system and other body systems -- Spotlight -- The General Adaptation Syndrome -- Clinical Notes -- Diabetes Insipidus -- Diabetes Mellitus -- Hormones and Athletic Performance -- Endocrine Disorders -- Career Paths -- Physical Therapist -- Chapter Review -- 11.The Cardiovascular System: Blood -- 11-1.Blood has several important functions and unique physical characteristics -- Composition of Blood -- Blood Collection and Analysis -- 11-2.Plasma, the fluid portion of blood, contains significant quantities of plasma proteins -- The Composition of Plasma -- Plasma Proteins -- 11-3.Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, contain hemoglobin that can be recycled -- Abundance of Red Blood Cells -- Structure of RBCs -- Hemoglobin Structure and Function -- RBC Life Span and Circulation -- RBC Formation -- 11-4.The ABO blood types and Rh system are based on antigen-antibody responses -- Cross-Reactions in Transfusions -- 11-5.The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body's defenses -- WBC Circulation and Movement -- Types of WBCs -- The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Abundance -- WBC Formation -- 11-6.Platelets, disc-shaped structures formed from megakaryocytes, function in the clotting process -- 11-7.Hemostasis involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation -- Phases of Hemostasis -- The Clotting Process -- Clot Retraction and Removal -- Spotlight -- The Composition of Whole Blood -- Clinical Notes -- Abnormal Hemoglobin -- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn -- Testing for Blood Compatibility -- Abnormal Hemostasis -- Chapter Review -- 12.The Cardiovascular System: The Heart -- 12-1.The heart is a four-chambered organ, supplied by coronary circulation, that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body -- The Surface Anatomy of the Heart -- The Heart Wall -- Internal Anatomy and Organization -- 12-2.Contractile cells and the conducting system produce each heartbeat, and an electrocardiogram records the associated electrical events -- Contractile Cells -- The Conducting System -- The Electrocardiogram -- 12-3.Events during a complete heartbeat make up a cardiac cycle -- Phases of the Cardiac Cycle -- Heart Sounds -- 12-4.Heart dynamics examines the factors that affect cardiac output -- Blood Volume Reflexes -- Autonomic Innervation -- Hormones -- Clinical Notes -- Mitral Valve Prolapse -- Valvular Heart Disease -- Extracellular Ions, Temperature, and Cardiac Output -- Chapter Review -- 13.The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation -- 13-1.Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins differ in size, structure, and function -- The Structure of Vessel Walls -- Arteries -- Capillaries -- Veins -- 13-2.Pressure and resistance determine blood flow and affect rates of capillary exchange -- Factors Affecting Blood Flow -- Cardiovascular Pressures within the Systemic Circuit -- 13-3.Cardiovascular regulation involves autoregulation, neural mechanisms, and endocrine responses -- Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues -- Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow -- Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation -- 13-4.The cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress -- Exercise and the Cardiovascular System -- The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhage -- 13-5.The pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system exhibit three general functional patterns -- 13-6.In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries, and oxygenated blood leaves the lungs in veins --, Contents note continued: 13-7.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues other than the lungs' exchange surfaces, and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium -- Systemic Arteries -- Systemic Veins -- 13-8.Modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote the exchange of materials, and independence is achieved at birth -- Placental Blood Supply -- Fetal Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels -- Circulatory Changes at Birth -- 13-9.Aging affects the blood, heart, and blood vessels -- 13-10.The cardiovascular system is both structurally and functionally linked to all other systems -- Clinical Notes -- Arteriosclerosis -- Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume -- Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure -- Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health -- Shock -- Career Paths -- Phlebotomist -- Chapter Review -- 14.The Lymphatic System and Immunity -- 14-1.Anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms constitute nonspecific defense, and lymphocytes provide specific defense -- 14-2.Lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs function in body defenses -- Functions of the Lymphatic System -- Lymphatic Vessels -- Lymphocytes -- Lymphoid Nodules -- Lymphoid Organs -- 14-3.Innate (nonspecific) defenses respond in a characteristic way regardless of the potential threat -- Physical Barriers -- Phagocytes -- Immunological Surveillance -- Interferons -- The Complement System -- Inflammation -- Fever -- 14-4.Adaptive (specific) defenses respond to specific threats and are either cell mediated or antibody mediated -- Types of Immunity -- Properties of Adaptive Immunity -- An Overview of the Immune Response -- 14-5.T cells play a role in starting and controlling the immune response -- Antigen Presentation -- T Cell Activation -- 14-6.B cells respond to antigens by producing specific antibodies -- B Cell Sensitization and Activation -- Antibody Structure -- Antibody Function -- Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure -- Summary of the Immune Response -- Hormones of the Immune System -- 14-7.Abnormal immune responses result in immune disorders -- Autoimmune Disorders -- Immunodeficiency Diseases -- Allergies -- 14-8.The immune response diminishes with advancing age -- 14-9.For all body systems, the lymphatic system provides defenses against infection and returns tissue fluid to the circulation -- Clinical Notes -- Swollen Glands -- Injury to the Spleen -- AIDS -- Stress and the Immune Response -- Manipulating the Immune Response -- Career Paths -- Pediatric Nurse -- Chapter Review -- 15.The Respiratory System -- 15-1.The respiratory system, composed of air-conducting and respiratory portions, has several basic functions -- Functions of the Respiratory System -- Components of the Respiratory System -- 15-2.The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles conduct air into the lungs -- The Nose -- The Pharynx -- The Larynx -- The Trachea -- The Bronchi -- 15-3.The smallest bronchioles and the alveoli within the lungs make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract -- The Bronchioles -- The Respiratory Membrane -- The Lungs -- The Pleural Cavities -- 15-4.External respiration and internal respiration allow gas exchange within the body -- 15-5.Pulmonary ventilation---the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs---involves pressure changes and muscle movement -- Pressure and Airflow to the Lungs -- Compliance -- Modes of Breathing -- Lung Volumes and Capacities -- 15-6.Gas exchange depends on the partial pressures of gases and the diffusion of molecules -- Mixed Gases and Partial Pressures -- Alveolar Air Versus Atmospheric Air -- Partial Pressures in the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits -- 15-7.Most O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin (Hb), whereas CO2 is transported as carbonic acid, bound to Hb, or dissolved in plasma -- Oxygen Transport -- Carbon Dioxide Transport -- 15-8.Neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons, along with respiratory reflexes, control respiration -- The Local Control of Respiration -- Control by the Respiratory Centers of the Brain -- The Reflex Control of Respiration -- Control by Higher Centers -- Respiratory Changes at Birth -- 15-9.Respiratory performance declines with age -- 15-10.The respiratory system provides oxygen to, and removes carbon dioxide from, other organ systems -- Clinical Notes -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Tracheal Blockage -- Pneumonia -- Tuberculosis -- Artificial Respiration -- Pulmonary Function Tests -- Decompression Sickness -- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning -- Emphysema and Lung Cancer -- Hypercapnia -- SIDS -- Career Paths -- Respiratory Therapist -- Chapter Review -- 16.The Digestive System -- 16-1.The digestive system---the digestive tract and accessory organs---performs various food-processing functions -- Functions of the Digestive System -- Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract -- The Movement of Digestive Materials -- 16-2.The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, each with specific functions -- The Tongue -- Salivary Glands -- Teeth -- 16-3.The pharynx is a passageway between the oral cavity and the esophagus -- The Pharynx -- The Esophagus -- Swallowing -- 16-4.The J-shaped stomach receives the bolus from the esophagus and aids in chemical and mechanical digestion -- The Gastric Wall -- The Regulation of Gastric Activity -- Digestion in the Stomach -- 16-5.The small intestine digests and absorbs nutrients -- The Intestinal Wall -- Intestinal Movements -- Intestinal Secretions -- Intestinal Hormones -- Digestion in the Small Intestine -- 16-6.The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory glands that assist with the digestive process in the small intestine -- The Pancreas -- The Liver -- The Gallbladder -- 16-7.The large intestine is divided into three parts with regional specialization -- The Cecum -- The Colon -- The Rectum -- The Functions of the Large Intestine -- 16-8.Digestion is the mechanical and chemical alteration of food that allows the absorption and use of nutrients -- The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients -- Water and Electrolyte Absorption -- The Absorption of Vitamins -- 16-9.Many age-related changes affect digestion and absorption -- 16-10.The digestive system is extensively integrated with other body systems -- Spotlight -- Chemical Events in Digestion -- Clinical Notes -- Ascites -- Mumps -- Esophagitis and Diaphragmatic (Hiatal) Hernias -- Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers -- Stomach Cancer -- Vomiting -- Pancreatitis -- Liver Disease -- Colorectal Cancer -- Diverticulosis -- Diarrhea and Constipation -- Lactose Intolerance -- Malabsorption Syndromes -- Career Paths -- Registered Dietitian -- Chapter Review -- 17.Metabolism and Energetics -- 17-1.Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body, and energetics refers to the flow and transformation of energy -- 17-2.Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, ATP production, and gluconeogenesis -- Glycolysis -- Energy Production within Mitochondria -- Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration -- Gluconeogenesis (Glucose Synthesis) -- Alternate Catabolic Pathways -- 17-3.Lipid metabolism involves lipolysis, beta-oxidation, and the transport and distribution of lipids as lipoproteins and free fatty acids -- Lipid Catabolism -- Lipids and Energy Production -- Lipid Synthesis -- Lipid Transport and Distribution -- 17-4.Protein catabolism involves transamination and deamination, whereas protein synthesis involves amination and transamination -- Amino Acid Catabolism -- Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis -- 17-5.Nucleic acid catabolism involves RNA, but not DNA -- RNA Catabolism -- Nucleic Acid Synthesis -- 17-6.Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and maintain homeostasis -- Food Groups and MyPlate -- Minerals, Vitamins, and Water -- Diet and Disease -- 17-7.Metabolic rate is the average caloric expenditure, and thermoregulation involves balancing heat-producing and heat-losing mechanisms -- Units of Energy -- The Energy Content of Food -- Energy Expenditure: Metabolic Rate -- Thermoregulation -- 17-8.Caloric needs decline with advancing age -- Clinical Notes -- Carbohydrate Loading -- Dietary Fats and Cholesterol -- Ketoacidosis -- Chapter Review -- 18.The Urinary System -- 18-1.The urinary system---consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra---has three primary functions -- 18-2.The kidneys are highly vascular organs containing functional units called nephrons, which perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion -- Superficial and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidneys -- The Blood Supply to the Kidneys -- The Nephron -- 18-3.Different portions of the nephron form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion -- Nephron Processes -- Filtration at the Glomerulus -- Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Renal Tubule -- The Properties of Normal Urine -- 18-4.Normal kidney function depends on a stable GFR -- The Local Regulation of Kidney Function -- The Hormonal Control of Kidney Function -- Sympathetic Activation and Kidney Function -- 18-5.Urine is transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and excreted through the urethra, aided by the micturition reflex -- The Ureters -- The Urinary Bladder -- The Urethra -- The Micturition Reflex and Urination -- 18-6.Fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance are interrelated and essential to homeostasis -- The ECF and the ICF -- 18-7.Blood pressure and osmosis are involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance -- Fluid Balance -- Electrolyte Balance -- 18-8.In acid-base balance, buffer systems and respiratory and renal compensation mechanisms regulate hydrogen ions in body fluids -- Acids in the Body -- Buffers and Buffer Systems -- Maintaining Acid-Base Balance -- Acid-Base Disorders -- 18-9.Age-related changes affect kidney function and the micturition reflex --, and Contents note continued: 18-10.The urinary system is one of several body systems involved in waste excretion -- Spotlight -- A Summary of Kidney Function -- Clinical Notes -- The Treatment of Kidney Failure -- Urinary Tract Infections -- Incontinence -- Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance -- Career Paths -- Pharmacy Technician -- Chapter Review -- 19.The Reproductive System -- 19-1.Basic reproductive system structures are gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, and external genitalia -- 19-2.Sperm formation (spermatogenesis) occurs in the testes, and hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and testes control male reproductive functions -- The Testes -- The Male Reproductive Tract -- The Accessory Glands -- The External Genitalia -- Hormones and Male Reproductive Function -- 19-3.Ovum production (oogenesis) occurs in the ovaries, and hormones from the pituitary gland and ovaries control female reproductive functions -- The Ovaries -- The Uterine Tubes -- The Uterus -- The Vagina -- The External Genitalia -- The Mammary Glands -- Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle -- 19-4.The autonomic nervous system influences male and female sexual function -- Male Sexual Function -- Female Sexual Function -- 19-5.With age, decreasing levels of reproductive hormones cause functional changes -- Menopause -- The Male Climacteric -- 19-6.The reproductive system secretes hormones affecting growth and metabolism of all body systems -- Spotlights -- Regulation of Male Reproduction -- Regulation of Female Reproduction -- Clinical Notes -- Cryptorchidism -- Prostatitis -- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -- Amenorrhea -- Breast Cancer -- Infertility -- Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- Birth Control Strategies -- Career Paths -- Diagnostic Medical Sonographer -- Chapter Review -- 20.Development and Inheritance -- 20-1.Development is a continuous process that occurs from fertilization to maturity -- 20-2.Fertilization---the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a spermatozoon---forms a zygote -- An Overview of Fertilization -- Ovulation and Oocyte Activation -- 20-3.Gestation consists of three stages of prenatal development: the first, second, and third trimesters -- 20-4.Cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogenesis are critical events of the first trimester -- Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation -- Implantation -- Placentation -- Embryogenesis -- 20-5.During the second and third trimesters, maternal organ systems support the developing fetus, and the uterus undergoes structural and functional changes -- The Effects of Pregnancy on Maternal Systems -- Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus -- 20-6.Labor consists of the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages -- The Stages of Labor -- Premature Labor -- Multiple Births -- 20-7.Postnatal stages are the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity, and senescence -- The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood -- Adolescence and Maturity -- 20-8.Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance -- Patterns of Inheritance -- The Human Genome Project and Beyond -- Clinical Notes -- Abortion -- Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis -- Chapter Review.
Subject(s)
ISBN
9780321787453 (student ed.)
0321787455 (student ed.)
9780321802071 (instructor's review copy)
0321802071 (instructor's review copy)
9780321786654 (book w/ CD-ROM)
0321786653 (book w/ CD-ROM)
9780321798626
0321798627
Note
Includes index.
Bibliography Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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