Wind resource assessment : a practical guide to developing a wind project / Michael Brower[and others].
- Published
- Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, [2012]
- Copyright Date
- ©2012
- Physical Description
- xvi, 280 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 25 cm
- Additional Creators
- Brower, Michael, 1960-
- Contents
- Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Where do Winds Come From? -- 1.2.Key Characteristics of the Wind -- 1.2.1.The Temporal Dimension -- 1.2.2.The Spatial Dimension -- 1.2.3.Other Characteristics of the Wind Resource -- 1.3.Wind Power Plants -- 1.4.Purpose and Organization of this Book -- 1.5.Questions for Discussion -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- pt. 1 Wind Monitoring -- 2.Overview of a Wind Resource Assessment Campaign -- 2.1.Site Identification -- 2.2.Resource Monitoring -- 2.2.1.Wind Monitoring Campaign Design -- 2.2.2.Measurement Plan -- 2.2.3.Monitoring Strategy -- 2.2.4.Quality Assurance Plan -- 2.3.Wind Resource Analysis -- 2.3.1.Data Validation -- 2.3.2.Characterizing the Observed Wind Resource -- 2.3.3.Estimating the Hub Height Resource -- 2.3.4.Climate Adjustment -- 2.3.5.Wind Flow Modeling -- 2.3.6.Uncertainty in Wind Resource Assessment -- 2.3.7.Project Design and Energy Production -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 3.Siting a Wind Project -- 3.1.Site Selection -- 3.2.Regional Wind Resource Information -- 3.2.1.Wind Resource Maps -- 3.2.2.Wind Measurements -- 3.3.Field Surveys -- 3.4.Tower Placement -- 3.4.1.Dedicated Towers -- 3.4.2.Existing Multi-Use Tall Towers -- 3.5.Permitting for Wind Monitoring -- 3.6.Land Lease Agreements -- 3.7.Questions for Discussion -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 4.Monitoring Station Instrumentation and Measurements -- 4.1.Basic Measurements -- 4.1.1.Horizontal Wind Speed -- 4.1.2.Wind Direction -- 4.1.3.Air Temperature -- 4.2.Additional Measurements -- 4.2.1.Vertical Wind Speed -- 4.2.2.Heated Anemometers -- 4.2.3.Delta Temperature -- 4.2.4.Barometric Pressure -- 4.2.5.Relative Humidity -- 4.2.6.Global Solar Radiation -- 4.3.Recorded Parameters and Sampling Intervals -- 4.3.1.Average -- 4.3.2.Standard Deviation -- 4.3.3.Maximum and Minimum -- 4.4.Data Loggers -- 4.5.Data Storage Devices -- 4.5.1.Data Processing and Storage -- 4.5.2.Storage Devices -- 4.6.Data Transfer Equipment -- 4.6.1.Manual Data Transfer -- 4.6.2.Remote Data Transfer -- 4.7.Power Sources -- 4.7.1.Household Batteries -- 4.7.2.Solar Battery Systems -- 4.7.3.AC Power -- 4.7.4.Other Power Options -- 4.8.Towers and Sensor Support Hardware -- 4.8.1.Towers -- 4.8.2.Sensor Support Hardware -- 4.9.Wiring -- 4.10.Measurement System Accuracy and Reliability -- 4.10.1.Accuracy -- 4.10.2.Reliability -- 4.11.Questions for Review and Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 5.Installation of Monitoring Stations -- 5.1.Equipment Procurement -- 5.2.Equipment Acceptance Testing and Field Preparation -- 5.2.1.Acceptance Testing -- 5.2.2.Field Preparation Procedures -- 5.3.Installation Team -- 5.4.Safety -- 5.5.Determination of True North -- 5.6.Tower Installation -- 5.6.1.New Tilt-Up Towers -- 5.6.2.New Lattice Towers -- 5.6.3.Existing Towers -- 5.7.Sensor and Equipment Installation -- 5.7.1.Anemometers -- 5.7.2.Wind Vanes -- 5.7.3.Temperature and Other Sensors -- 5.7.4.Data Loggers and Associated Hardware -- 5.7.5.Sensor Connections and Cabling -- 5.7.6.Grounding and Lightning Protection -- 5.8.Site Commissioning -- 5.9.Documentation -- 5.10.Cost and Labor Estimates -- 5.11.Questions for Discussion -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 6.Station Operation and Maintenance -- 6.1.Site Visits -- 6.2.Operation and Maintenance Procedures -- 6.2.1.Project Description and Operation and Maintenance Philosophy -- 6.2.2.System Component Descriptions -- 6.2.3.Routine Instrument Care Instructions -- 6.2.4.Site Visit Procedures -- 6.3.Documentation -- 6.4.Spare Parts Inventory -- 6.5.Questions for Discussion -- 7.Data Collection and Handling -- 7.1.Raw Data Storage -- 7.1.1.Data Storage Types -- 7.1.2.Data Storage Capacity -- 7.2.Data Retrieval -- 7.3.Data Retrieval Frequency -- 7.4.Data Protection and Storage -- 7.4.1.Data Logger -- 7.4.2.Computer Hardware -- 7.4.3.Data Handling Procedures -- 7.5.Documentation -- 7.6.Questions for Discussion -- 8.Ground-Based Remote Sensing Systems -- 8.1.Sodar -- 8.2.Lidar -- 8.3.Remote Sensing Campaign Design and Siting -- 8.4.Data Collection and Processing -- 8.5.Comparisons with Conventional Anemometry -- 8.5.1.Beam Tilt (Sodar) -- 8.5.2.Vector to Scalar Wind Speed Conversion (Sodar and Lidar) -- 8.5.3.Environmental Conditions (Lidar) -- 8.5.4.Turbulence Intensity and Anemometer Overspeeding (Sodar and Lidar) -- 8.5.5.Flow Inclination and Complex Terrain (Sodar and Lidar) -- 8.5.6.Volume Averaging (Sodar and Lidar) -- 8.5.7.Distance from Reference Mast -- 8.6.Questions for Discussion -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- pt. 2 Data Analysis and Resource Assessment -- 9.Data Validation -- 9.1.Data Conversion -- 9.2.Data Validation -- 9.2.1.Validation Routines -- 9.2.2.Treatment of Suspect Data -- 9.3.Post-Validation Adjustments -- 9.3.1.Tower Effects -- 9.3.2.Turbulence -- 9.3.3.Inclined Flow -- 9.4.Data Substitution and Averaging -- 9.4.1.Data Substitution -- 9.4.2.Data Averaging -- 9.5.Questions for Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 10.Characterizing the Observed Wind Resource -- 10.1.Summarizing the Observed Wind Resource -- 10.1.1.Data Recovery -- 10.1.2.Mean and Annualized Mean Wind Speeds -- 10.1.3.Wind Shear -- 10.1.4.Turbulence Intensity -- 10.1.5.Wind Power Density -- 10.1.6.Air Density -- 10.1.7.Speed Frequency Distribution and Weibull Parameters -- 10.1.8.Wind Rose -- 10.2.Questions for Discussion -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 11.Estimating the Resource at Hub Height -- 11.1.Wind Speed -- 11.1.1.Direct Measurement -- 11.1.2.Displacement Height -- 11.1.3.Convergence Height -- 11.1.4.Logarithmic Method -- 11.2.Time-Varying Speeds and Speed Distributions -- 11.3.Other Parameters -- 11.3.1.Wind Direction -- 11.3.2.Air Density -- 11.3.3.Turbulence Intensity -- 11.4.Questions for Discussion -- Reference -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 12.The Climate Adjustment Process -- 12.1.Is the Wind Climate Stable? -- 12.1.1.Historical Evidence -- 12.1.2.Prospects for Change in the Future -- 12.1.3.Other Factors That May Affect the Local Wind Climate -- 12.2.Requirements for Accurate MCP -- 12.2.1.Correlation -- 12.2.2.Homogeneous Wind Speed Observations -- 12.3.Sources of Reference Data -- 12.3.1.Tall Towers Instrumented for Wind Resource Assessment -- 12.3.2.Surface Weather Stations -- 12.3.3.Rawinsonde Stations -- 12.3.4.Modeled Data Sets -- 12.4.The Target-Reference Relationship -- 12.4.1.Data Binning -- 12.4.2.Fitting Methods -- 12.4.3.Predicting the Speed Distribution -- 12.4.4.Direction and Other Parameters -- 12.4.5.Summary -- 12.5.Questions for Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 13.Wind Flow Modeling -- 13.1.Types of Wind Flow Models -- 13.1.1.Conceptual Models -- 13.1.2.Experimental Models -- 13.1.3.Statistical Models -- 13.1.4.Numerical Wind Flow Models -- 13.2.Application of Numerical Wind Flow Models -- 13.2.1.Topographic Data -- 13.2.2.Land Cover Data -- 13.2.3.Mast Number and Placement -- 13.2.4.Adjustments to Multiple Masts -- 13.3.Questions for Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 14.Offshore Resource Assessment -- 14.1.Nature of the Offshore Wind Environment -- 14.2.Wind Resource Monitoring Systems -- 14.2.1.Purpose-Built Meteorological Towers -- 14.2.2.Surface-Based Remote Sensing Systems -- 14.2.3.Using Existing Offshore Structures -- 14.2.4.Weather Buoys -- 14.2.5.Data Logging and Communications Systems -- 14.2.6.Power Supply -- 14.3.Operations and Maintenance of Offshore Systems -- 14.3.1.Site Visits -- 14.3.2.Operations and Maintenance Procedures -- 14.4.Satellite-Based Microwave Sensors -- 14.4.1.Types of Sensors -- 14.4.2.Wind Resource Assessment Using Satellite-Based Microwave Sensors -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 15.Uncertainty in Wind Resource Assessment -- 15.1.Measurement Uncertainty -- 15.2.Historical Wind Resource -- 15.3.Future Wind Resource -- 15.4.Wind Shear -- 15.5.Wind Flow Modeling Uncertainty -- 15.6.Combining Uncertainties -- 15.7.Questions for Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- 16.Plant Design and Energy Production Estimation -- 16.1.Plant Design Software -- 16.2.Setting up the Project -- 16.3.Wind Resource Data -- 16.3.1.Wind Resource Measurements -- 16.3.2.Modeled Wind Resource Grids -- 16.4.Selecting a Turbine -- 16.5.Designing and Optimizing a Turbine Layout -- 16.6.Gross and Net Energy Production -- 16.6.1.Wake Effects -- 16.6.2.Downtime -- 16.6.3.Electrical Losses -- 16.6.4.Turbine Performance -- 16.6.5.Environmental Losses -- 16.6.6.Curtailments -- 16.7.Special Topics -- 16.7.1.Extrapolating the Wind Resource from Mast to Turbine -- 16.7.2.Using Multiple Masts -- 16.7.3.Wake Modeling -- 16.8.Questions for Discussion -- References -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- Appendix A Wind Resource Assessment Equipment Vendors -- Wind Resource Assessment Equipment -- Appendix B Selected Source of GIS Data -- Sources of GIS Data Related to Wind Resource Assessment.
- Summary
- "This is a practical , authoritative guide for the most important phase in developing a wind energy project"--
- Subject(s)
- ISBN
- 9781118022320 (hardback)
1118022327 (hardback) - Bibliography Note
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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