Actions for Criminal justice today : an introductory text for the twenty-first century

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Criminal justice today : an introductory text for the twenty-first century / Frank Schmalleger

Author
Schmalleger, Frank
Published
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson, [2015]
Edition
Thirteenth edition.
Physical Description
xxxv, 679 pages ; 28 cm

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Contents
Machine generated contents note: pt. ONE Crime in America -- ch. 1 What Is Criminal Justice? -- Introduction -- A Brief History of Crime in America -- The Theme of this Book -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Clarence Thomas Says: "Freedom Means Responsibility" -- Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness -- CJ News Surveillance Technology Has Been Blanketing the Nation Since 9-11 -- American Criminal Justice: System and Functions -- The Consensus Model -- The Conflict Model -- Paying for IT Cost Efficient Criminal Justice -- American Criminal Justice: The Process -- Investigation and Arrest -- Pretrial Activities -- Adjudication -- Sentencing -- Corrections -- Reentry -- Due Process and Individual Rights -- The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights -- The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process -- Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal Justice -- CJ Careers Careers in Criminal Justice -- The Start of Academic Criminal Justice -- Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 2 The Crime Picture -- Introduction -- Crime Data and Social Policy -- The Collection of Crime Data -- The UCR/NIBRS Program -- Development of the UCR Program -- The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) -- Historical Trends -- UCR/NIBRS in Transition -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide A Dress Code for Bank Customers? -- pt. I Offenses -- CJ News "Flash Robs"---The Next Social Media Phenomenon -- CJ Issues Race and the Criminal Justice System -- pt. II Offenses -- The National Crime Victimization Survey -- Comparisons of the UCR and NCVS -- Special Categories of Crime -- Crime against Women -- Crime against the Elderly -- Hate Crime -- CJ Issues Gender Issues in Criminal Justice -- Corporate and White-Collar Crime -- Organized Crime -- Gun Crime -- Drug Crime -- Cybercrime -- CJ Issues Gun Control -- Terrorism -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 3 The Search for Causes -- Introduction -- Criminological Theory -- Classical and Neoclassical Theory -- Cesare Beccaria: Crime and Punishment -- Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus -- The Neoclassical Perspective -- Social Policy and Classical Theories -- Early Biological Theories -- Franz Joseph Gall: Phrenology -- Cesare Lombroso: Atavism -- Criminal Families -- William Sheldon: Somatotypes -- Social Policy and Early Biological Theories -- Biosocial Theories -- The Gender Ratio Problem -- Chromosome Theory -- Biochemical Factors and Imbalances -- Heredity and Heritability -- Social Policy and Biological Theories -- Psychological Theories -- Behavioral Conditioning -- Freudian Psychoanalysis -- Psychopathology and Crime -- The Psychotic Offender -- Trait Theory -- Psychological Profiling -- Social Policy and Psychological Theories -- Sociological Theories -- Social Ecology Theory -- Anomie Theory -- CJ News Evidence of "Warrior Gene" May Help Explain Violence -- Subcultural Theory -- Social Policy and Sociological Theories -- CJ Issues The Physical Environment and Crime -- Social Process Theories -- Differential Association Theory -- Restraint Theories -- Labeling Theory -- Social Development and the Life Course -- Conflict Theories -- Radical Criminology -- Peacemaking Criminology -- Social Policy and Conflict Theories -- Emergent Perspectives -- Feminist Criminology -- Postmodern Criminology -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 4 Criminal Law -- Introduction -- The Nature and Purpose of Law -- The Rule of Law -- Types of Law -- CJ News Politicians Who Violate the "Rule of Law" Get Tough Prison Sentences -- Criminal Law -- Statutory Law -- Civil Law -- Administrative Law -- Case Law -- General Categories of Crime -- Felonies -- Misdemeanors -- Offenses -- Treason and Espionage -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Should Violent Speech Be Free Speech? -- Inchoate Offenses -- General Features of Crime -- The Criminal Act (Actus Reus) -- A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea) -- Concurrence -- Other Features of Crime -- Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense -- The Example of Murder -- The Corpus Delicti of a Crime -- Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge -- Alibi -- Justifications -- Excuses -- Procedural Defenses -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- pt. TWO Policing -- ch. 5 Policing: History and Structure -- Introduction -- Historical Development of the Police -- English Roots -- The Early American Experience -- The Last Half of the Twentieth Century -- Evidence-Based Policing -- American Policing Today: From the Federal to the Local Level -- Federal Agencies -- The Federal Bureau of Investigation -- CJ News LAPD Adds Officers and Crime Falls---But Is There a Connection? -- State-Level Agencies -- Local Agencies -- Private Protective Services -- Paying for IT Cost-Efficient Policing -- Integrating Public and Private Security -- CJ Careers Security Professional -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 6 Policing: Purpose and Organization -- Introduction -- The Police Mission -- Enforcing the Law -- Apprehending Offenders -- Preventing Crime -- Predicting Crime -- Preserving the Peace -- Providing Services -- Operational Strategies -- Preventive Patrol -- Routine Incident Response -- Emergency Response -- Criminal Investigation -- Problem Solving -- Support Services -- Paying for IT Policing in an Economic Downturn -- Managing Police Departments -- Police Organization and Structure -- Chain of Command -- Policing Styles -- The Watchman Style of Policing -- The Legalistic Style of Policing -- The Service Style of Policing -- Police-Community Relations -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Watch Out: You're on Police TV -- Terrorism's Impact on Policing -- Intelligence-Led Policing and Antiterrorism -- Information Sharing and Antiterrorism -- Fusion Centers -- The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan -- CJ News Fusion Centers: Unifying Intelligence to Protect Americans -- Discretion and the Individual Officer -- Professionalism and Ethics -- Education and Training -- Recruitment and Selection -- CJ Careers Police Officer -- Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing -- Women as Effective Police Officers -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 7 Policing: Legal Aspects -- Introduction -- The Abuse of Police Power -- A Changing Legal Climate -- Individual Rights -- Due Process Requirements -- Search and Seizure -- The Exclusionary Rule -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Liberty Is- a Double-Edged Sword -- The Warren Court (1953-1969) -- The Burger Court (1969-1986) and the Rehnquist Court (1986-2005) -- CJ Issues Plain-View Requirements -- Arrest -- Searches Incident to Arrest -- Emergency Searches of Persons -- Vehicle Searches -- CJ Careers Patrol Officer -- Suspicionless Searches -- High-Technology Searches -- The Intelligence Function -- Informants -- Police Interrogation -- The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation -- Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision -- CJ Issues The Miranda Warnings -- Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence -- Electronic Eavesdropping -- CJ News Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrant for GPS Tracking -- CJ Issues The USA Patriot Act of 2001 and the USA Patriot Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Presidential Candidates Debate the USA Patriot Act -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 8 Policing: Issues and Challenges -- Introduction -- Police Personality and Culture -- Corruption and Integrity -- CJ Issues Policing a Multicultural Society -- Money---The Root of Police Evil? -- Building Police Integrity -- Drug Testing of Police Employees -- The Dangers of Police Work -- Violence in the Line of Duty -- Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence -- Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Religion and Public Safety -- Police Use of Force -- Deadly Force -- Less-Lethal Weapons -- CJ News Is the Video Recording of Police Activity in a Public Place Legal? -- Racial Profiling and Biased Policing -- Racially Biased Policing -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Was the NYPD's Monitoring of Muslim Groups a Form of Religious Profiling? -- Police Civil Liability -- Common Sources of Civil Suits -- CJ Issues Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting -- Federal Lawsuits -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- pt. THREE Adjudication -- ch. 9 The Courts: Structure and Participants -- Introduction -- History and Structure of the American Court System -- The State Court System -- The Development of State Courts -- State Court Systems Today -- The Federal Court System -- CJ News America's Judiciary: Courting Disaster -- U.S. District Courts -- U.S. Courts of Appeals -- The U.S. Supreme Court -- The Courtroom Work Group -- Paying for IT Cost-Efficient Courts -- Professional Courtroom Participants -- The Judge -- The Prosecuting Attorney -- CJ Careers Assistant District Attorney -- The Defense Counsel -- CJ Issues Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense -- The Bailiff -- Trial Court Administrators -- The Court Reporter -- The Clerk of Court -- Expert Witnesses -- Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants -- Lay Witnesses -- Jurors -- The Victim -- The Defendant -- Spectators and the Press -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 10 Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial -- Introduction -- Pretrial Activities -- The First Appearance -- The Grand Jury -- The Preliminary Hearing -- Arraignment and the Plea -- Plea Bargaining -- CJ Issues Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions -- Paying for IT Cost-Efficient Courts -- The Criminal Trial -- and Contents note continued: Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial -- Stages in a Criminal Trial -- Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act -- Jury Selection -- Opening Statements -- The Presentation of Evidence -- CJ Issues Pretrial and Post-Trial Motions -- Closing Arguments -- The Judge's Charge to the Jury -- CJ News Social Media Pose New Threats to Keeping Jurors Isolated during Trials -- Jury Deliberations and the Verdict -- Improving the Adjudication Process -- CJ Issues Courtrooms of the Future -- CJ Issues The Bilingual Courtroom -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 11 Sentencing -- Introduction -- The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing -- Retribution -- Incapacitation -- Deterrence -- Rehabilitation -- Restoration -- Indeterminate Sentencing -- Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing -- Structured Sentencing -- Federal Sentencing Guidelines -- CJ Issues Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances -- The Legal Environment of Structured Sentencing -- Three Strikes Laws -- Mandatory Sentencing -- Innovations in Sentencing -- Questions about Alternative Sanctions -- The Presentence Investigation -- The Victim---Forgotten No Longer -- CJ J Issues Victims' Rights in California -- Victim-Impact Statements -- Modern Sentencing Options -- Fines -- Death: The Ultimate Sanction -- Paying for IT Cost-Efficient Corrections and Sentencing -- Habeas Corpus Review -- Opposition to Capital Punishment -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide What Are the Limits of Genetic Privacy? -- CJ News High Costs Lead to Reconsideration of Death Penalty -- Justifications for Capital Punishment -- The Courts and the Death Penalty -- The Future of the Death Penalty -- CJ News Death-Row Exonerations Based on DNA Expose Flaws in Legal System -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- pt. FOUR Corrections -- ch. 12 Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions -- Introduction -- What Is Probation? -- The Extent of Probation -- Probation Conditions -- Federal Probation -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Special Conditions of Probation -- What Is Parole? -- The Extent of Parole -- Parole Conditions -- CJ Issues Culturally Skilled Probation Officers -- Federal Parole -- Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses -- Advantages of Probation and Parole -- Disadvantages of Probation and Parole -- The Legal Environment -- The Job of Probation and Parole Officers -- The Challenges of the Job -- CJ Careers Probation Officer -- Intermediate Sanctions -- Split Sentencing -- Shock Probation and Shock Parole -- Shock Incarceration -- Mixed Sentencing and Community Service -- Intensive Probation Supervision -- Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring -- CJ News How GPS Bracelets Keep Track of Sex Offenders -- The Future of Probation and Parole -- Changes in Reentry Policies -- The Reinvention of Probation and Evidence-Based Practices -- CJ Issues Remote Reporting Probation -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 13 Prisons and Jails -- Introduction -- Early Punishments -- Flogging -- Mutilation -- Branding -- Public Humiliation -- Workhouses -- Exile -- The Emergence of Prisons -- The Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) -- The Mass Prison Era (1825-1876) -- The Reformatory Era (1876-1890) -- CJ Issues Chaplain James Finley's Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850 -- CJ Issues An Early Texas Prison -- The Industrial Era (1890-1935) -- The Punitive Era (1935-1945} -- The Treatment Era (1945-1967) -- The Community-Based Era (1967-1980) -- The Warehousing Era (1980-1995) -- The Just Deserts Era (1995-2012) -- The Evidence-Based Era (2012-Present) -- Prisons Today -- CJ Issues Evidence-Based Corrections -- CJ News California's Governor Wants Federal Oversight of Prisons to End -- CJ Issues California's Public Safety Realignment (PSR) Program -- Overcrowding -- Paying for IT California's Public Safety Realignment -- Security Levels -- Prison Classification Systems -- The Federal Prison System -- Recent Improvements -- Jails -- Women and Jail -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide To What Degree Should the Personal Values of Workers in the Criminal Justice System Influence Job Performance? -- The Growth of Jails -- New-Generation Jails -- Jails and the Future -- Private Prisons -- CJ Issues Arguments for and against the Privatization of Prisons -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Names -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 14 Prison Life -- Introduction -- Research on Prison Life---Total Institutions -- The Male Inmate's World -- The Evolution of Prison Subcultures -- The Functions of Prison Subcultures -- Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types -- CJ Issues Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement -- Homosexuality and Sexual Victimization in Prison -- The Female Inmate's World -- Parents in Prison -- Gender Responsiveness -- Institutions for Women -- Social Structure in Women's Prisons -- Types of Female Inmates -- Violence in Women's Prisons -- The Staff World -- The Professionalization of Corrections Officers -- Prison Riots -- Causes of Riots -- Paying for IT The Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice -- Prisoners' Rights -- The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights -- Grievance Procedures -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Should Prison Libraries Limit Access to Potentially Inflammatory Literature? -- A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine? -- Issues Facing Prisons Today -- Aids -- Geriatric Offenders -- Inmates with Mental Illness and Intellectual Disabilities -- Terrorism and Corrections -- CJ Issues Technocorrections -- CJ News Radical Islam, Terrorism, and U.S. Prisons -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Censoring Prison Communications -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- pt. FIVE Special Issues -- ch. 15 Juvenile Justice -- Introduction -- Juvenile Justice Throughout History -- Earliest Times -- The Juvenile Court Era -- Categories of Children in the Juvenile Justice System -- CJ News Schools Are Taking Bullying Seriously -- The Legal Environment -- Legislation Concerning Juveniles and Justice -- The Legal Rights of Juveniles -- The Juvenile Justice Process Today -- Adult and Juvenile Justice Compared -- CJ Issues The Juvenile Justice System versus Criminal Case Processing -- How the System Works -- Intake and Detention Hearings -- CJ Issues Juvenile Courts versus Adult Courts -- CJ News Delinquent Girls -- CJ Career Profile Juvenile Justice Professional -- The Post-Juvenile Court Era -- CJ Issues Evidence-Based Juvenile Justice -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 16 Drugs and Crime -- Introduction -- Drug Abuse: More Than an Individual Choice -- Drug Crime -- What Is a Drug? -- Alcohol Abuse -- A History of Drug Abuse in America -- Drug Use and Social Awareness -- Antidrug Legislation -- The Investigation of Drug Abuse and Manufacturing -- The Most Common Drugs---And Who Is Using Them -- Freedom or Safety? You Decide Drug-Related Criminal Activity and Public Housing -- CJ Issues Drugs: What's in a Name? -- Drug Trafficking -- Marijuana -- Cocaine -- Heroin -- Methamphetamine -- Club Drugs -- CJ News New "Bath Salts" Drugs: Very Potent, Hard to Target -- The Costs of Abuse -- The Indirect Costs of Abuse -- Drug-Related Crime -- Solving the Drug Problem -- Strict Law Enforcement -- Asset Forfeiture -- Interdiction -- Crop Control -- Prevention and Treatment -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Key Cases -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice -- Introduction -- Ethnocentrism and the Study of Criminal Justice -- Problems with Data -- Islamic Criminal Justice -- The Hudud Crimes -- The Tazir Crimes -- Islamic Courts -- International Criminal Justice Organizations -- The Role of the United Nations in Criminal Justice -- Interpol and Europol -- The International Criminal Court -- Globalization and Crime -- Transnational Crime -- Human Smuggling and Trafficking -- Terrorism -- CJ Issues How Do People Become Violent Jihadists? -- Types of Terrorism -- CJ Issues What Is Terrorist Activity? -- CJ News American Woman Embraces Islam on the Internet, Becomes "Jihad Jane" -- Causes of Terrorism -- Combating Terrorism -- CJ Issues The USA patriot Act of 2001 (as Amended and Reauthorized in 2006) -- Foreign Terrorist Organizations -- The Future of International Terrorism -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes -- ch. 18 The Future of Criminal Justice -- Introduction -- Technology and Crime -- Biocrime -- Cybercrime -- Terrorism and Technology -- Technology and Crime Control -- Leading Technological Organizations in Criminal Justice -- Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future -- New Technologies in Criminalistics -- CJ News Kim Dotcom of Megaupload Arrested for Online Piracy -- On the Horizon -- Criminal Justice in 2040 -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Questions for Review -- Questions for Reflection -- Notes.
Subject(s)
ISBN
9780133460049 (paperback)
0133460045 (paperback)
Bibliography Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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