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Educational research : quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches / R. Burke Johnson, Larry Christensen

Author:
Johnson, Burke
Published:
Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE, [2014]
Edition:
Fifth edition.
Physical Description:
xxviii, 711 pages ; 27 cm

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Contents:
Machine generated contents note: pt. I Introduction -- 1.Introduction to Educational Research -- Why Study Educational Research? -- Areas of Educational Research -- Examples of Educational Research -- General Kinds of Research -- Basic and Applied Research -- Evaluation Research -- Action Research -- Orientational Research -- Sources of Knowledge -- Experience -- Reasoning -- The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation -- Dynamics of Science -- Basic Assumptions of Science -- Scientific Methods -- Theory -- The Principle of Evidence -- Objectives of Educational Research -- Overview of Book -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- 2.Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research -- Characteristics of the Three Research Paradigms -- Quantitative Research Methods: Experimental and Nonexperimental Research -- Variables -- Experimental Research -- Nonexperimental Research -- Qualitative Research Methods -- Phenomenology -- Ethnography -- Narrative Inquiry -- Case Study Research -- Grounded Theory -- Historical Research -- Mixed Research (or Mixed Methods Research) -- The Advantages of Mixed Research -- Our Research Typology -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- 3.Action Research for Lifelong Learning -- Defining Action Research -- Origins of Action Research -- Basic Scientific Research Versus Action Research -- Types of Action Research -- The Cycle of Action Research -- Strengths and Weaknesses of Action Research -- Action Research Journaling -- Action Research in the Remaining Chapters of this Book -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Note -- pt. II Planning the Research Study -- 4.How to Review the Literature and Develop Research Questions -- Sources of Research Ideas -- Everyday Life -- Practical Issues -- Past Research -- Theory -- Ideas That Can't Be Resolved Through Empirical Research -- Review of the Literature -- Literature Review for Quantitative Research Studies -- Literature Review for Qualitative Research Studies -- Sources of Information -- Conducting the Literature Search -- Using Databases -- Using the Public Internet -- Feasibility of the Study -- Statement of the Research Problem -- Stating a Quantitative Research Problem -- Stating a Qualitative Research Problem -- Statement of the Purpose of the Study -- Statement of Purpose in a Quantitative Study -- Statement of Purpose in a Qualitative Study -- Statement of Research Questions -- Statement of a Quantitative Research Question -- Statement of a Qualitative Research Question -- Formulating Hypotheses -- Consumer Use of the Literature -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- 5.How to Write a Research Proposal -- Framework of the Research Proposal -- Strategies for Writing Each Section of the Research Proposal -- Introduction -- Method -- Research Participants -- Design -- Apparatus and/or Instruments -- Procedure -- Data Analysis -- Abstract -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercise -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- 6.Research Ethics -- What Are Research Ethics? -- Ethical Concerns -- Relationship Between Society and Science -- Professional Issues -- Treatment of Research Participants -- Ethical Guidelines for Research With Humans -- Informed Consent -- Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants -- Passive Versus Active Consent -- Additional Consent -- Deception -- Freedom to Withdraw -- Protection From Mental and Physical Harm -- Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -- Institutional Review Board -- Ethical Issues in Electronic Research -- Informed Consent and Internet Research -- Privacy and Internet Research -- Debriefing and Internet Research -- Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -- Authorship -- Writing the Research Report -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- pt. III Foundations of Research -- 7.Standardized Measurement and Assessment -- Defining Measurement -- Scales of Measurement -- Nominal Scale -- Ordinal Scale -- Interval Scale -- Ratio Scale -- Assumptions Underlying Testing and Assessment -- Identifying a Good Test or Assessment Procedure -- Overview of Reliability and Validity -- Reliability -- Validity -- Using Reliability and Validity Information -- Educational and Psychological Tests -- Intelligence Tests -- Personality Tests -- Educational Assessment Tests -- Sources of Information About Tests -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Exercise Sheet -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 8.How to Construct a Questionnaire -- What Is a Questionnaire? -- Principles of Questionnaire Construction -- Principle 1. Make sure the questionnaire items match your research objectives -- Principle 2. Understand your research participants -- Principle 3. Use natural and familiar language -- Principle 4. Write items that are clear, precise, and relatively short -- Principle 5. Do not use "leading" or "loaded" questions -- Principle 6. Avoid double-barreled questions -- Principle 7. Avoid double negatives -- Principle 8. Determine whether an open-ended or a closed-ended question is needed -- Principle 9. Use mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories for closed-ended questions -- Principle 10. Consider the different types of response categories available for closed-ended questionnaire items -- Principle 11. Use multiple items to measure abstract constructs -- Principle 12. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs -- Principle 13. Use caution if you reverse the wording in some of the items to prevent response sets in multi-item scales -- Principle 14. Develop a questionnaire that is properly organized and easy for the participant to use -- Principle 15. Always pilot test your questionnaire -- Putting It All Together -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 9.Six Major Methods of Data Collection -- Tests -- Questionnaires -- Interviews -- Quantitative Interviews -- Qualitative Interviews -- Focus Groups -- Observation -- Quantitative Observation -- Qualitative Observation -- Visual Data -- Constructed and Secondary or Existing Data -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Site -- Recommended Reading -- 10.Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research -- Terminology Used in Sampling -- Random Sampling Techniques -- Simple Random Sampling -- Systematic Sampling -- Stratified Random Sampling -- Cluster Random Sampling -- Nonrandom Sampling Techniques -- Convenience Sampling -- Quota Sampling -- Purposive Sampling -- Snowball Sampling -- Random Selection and Random Assignment -- Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used -- Sampling in Qualitative Research -- Sampling in Mixed Research -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 11.Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research -- Validity Issues in the Design of Quantitative Research -- Internal Validity (or Causal Validity) -- Two Major Types of Causal Relationships -- Criteria for Inferring Causation -- Threats to Internal Validity in Single-Group Designs -- Threats to Internal Validity in Multigroup Designs -- External Validity (or Generalizing Validity) -- Population Validity -- Ecological Validity -- Temporal Validity -- Treatment Variation Validity -- Outcome Validity -- Construct Validity -- Operationalism -- Treatment Diffusion -- Statistical Conclusion Validity -- Research Validity (or "Trustworthiness") in Qualitative Research -- Descriptive Validity -- Interpretive Validity -- Theoretical Validity -- Internal Validity -- External Validity -- Research Validity (or "Legitimation") in Mixed Research -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- pt. IV Selecting a Research Method -- Section A Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches -- 12.Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs -- The Experiment -- Experimental Research Settings -- Field Experiment -- Laboratory Experiment -- Internet Experiment -- Independent Variable Manipulation -- Ways to Manipulate an Independent Variable -- Control of Confounding Variables -- Random Assignment -- Matching -- Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant -- Building the Extraneous Variable Into the Research Design -- Analysis of Covariance -- Counterbalancing -- Experimental Research Designs -- Weak Experimental Research Designs -- Strong Experimental Research Designs -- Factorial Designs -- Repeated-Measures Designs -- Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 13.Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs -- Quasi-Experimental Research Designs -- Nonequivalent Comparison-Group Design -- Interrupted Time-Series Design -- Regression-Discontinuity Design -- Single-Case Experimental Designs -- A-B-A and A-B-A-B Designs -- Multiple-Baseline Design -- Changing-Criterion Design -- Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- and Contents note continued: Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Note -- 14.Nonexperimental Quantitative Research -- Steps in Nonexperimental Research -- Independent Variables in Nonexperimental Research -- Simple Cases of Nonexperimental Quantitative Research -- Three Required Conditions for Cause-and-Effect Relationships -- Applying the Three Required Conditions for Causation in Nonexperimental Research -- Techniques of Control in Nonexperimental Research (i.e., How to Design Strong Nonexperimental Research) -- Matching -- Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant -- Statistical Control -- Interlude (The Study of Causal Relationships in Epidemiology) -- Classifying Nonexperimental Research by Time and Research Objective -- The Time Dimension in Nonexperimental Research -- Cross-Sectional Research -- Longitudinal Research -- Retrospective Research -- The Research Objective Dimension in Nonexperimental Research -- Descriptive Nonexperimental Research -- Predictive Nonexperimental Research -- Explanatory Nonexperimental Research -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- Section B Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches Plus Historical Research -- 15.Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research -- Narrative Inquiry -- I. Introduction: The Importance of Coming to Terms and Definitions -- II. Designing a Narrative Study -- 1.Four Key Terms to Structure a Narrative Inquiry -- 2.Inquiry Starting Points -- 3.Attending to Justifications at the Inquiry Outset and Throughout the Inquiry -- 4.Research Puzzles Rather Than Research Questions -- 5.Entering Into the Midst -- 6.From Field to Field Texts -- 7.From Field Texts to Interim and Final Research Texts -- 8.Relational Ethics at the Heart of Narrative Inquiry---Relational Responsibilities -- III. Narrative Inquiry: So Much More Than Telling Stories -- Case Study Research -- What Is a Case? -- Types of Case Study Research Designs -- Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Exercise Sheet -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Note -- 16.Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory -- Phenomenology -- Examples of Phenomenology -- Types of Phenomenology -- Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing -- Ethnography -- The Idea of Culture -- Examples of Ethnographic Research -- Types of Ethnographic Research -- Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing -- Grounded Theory -- Characteristics of a Grounded Theory -- Example of a Grounded Theory -- Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Exercise Sheet -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Note -- 17.Historical Research -- What Is Historical Research? -- Significance of Historical Research -- Historical Research Methodology -- Identification of the Research Topic and Formulation of the Research Problem or Question -- Data Collection or Literature Review -- Documents and Other Written Records -- Photographs -- Relics -- Oral Histories -- How to Locate Historical Information -- Primary Versus Secondary Sources -- Evaluation of Historical Sources -- External Criticism -- Internal Criticism -- Data Synthesis and Report Preparation -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Section C Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches -- 18.Mixed Research -- The Research Continuum -- Types of Mixed Research Designs -- Examples of Qualitatively Driven, Quantitatively Driven, and Equal-Emphasis or Interactive Studies -- Stages of the Mixed Research Process -- Step 1. Determine Whether a Mixed Design Is Appropriate -- Step 2. Determine the Rationale for Using a Mixed Design -- Step 3. Select or Construct the Mixed Research Design and Mixed Sampling Design -- Step 4. Collect Data -- Step 5. Analyze the Data -- Step 6. Continually Validate the Data -- Step 7. Continually Interpret the Data and Findings -- Step 8. Write the Research Report -- Limitations of Mixed Research -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- pt. V Analyzing the Data -- 19.Descriptive Statistics -- Descriptive Statistics -- Frequency Distributions -- Graphic Representations of Data -- Bar Graphs -- Histograms -- Line Graphs -- Scatter Plots -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Mode -- Median -- Mean -- A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode -- Measures of Variability -- Range -- Variance and Standard Deviation -- Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution -- Measures of Relative Standing -- Percentile Ranks -- z Scores -- Examining Relationships Among Variables -- Contingency Tables -- Regression Analysis -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 20.Inferential Statistics -- Sampling Distributions -- Sampling Distribution of the Mean -- Estimation -- Point Estimation -- Interval Estimation -- Hypothesis Testing -- Null and Alternative Hypotheses -- Directional Alternative Hypotheses -- Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision -- The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix -- Controlling the Risk of Errors -- Hypothesis Testing in Practice -- t Test for Independent Samples -- One-Way Analysis of Variance -- t Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance -- t Test for Correlation Coefficients -- t Test for Regression Coefficients -- Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables -- Other Significance Tests -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Exercise Sheet -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 21.Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research -- Interim Analysis -- Memoing -- Analysis of Visual Data -- Data Entry and Storage -- Segmenting, Coding, and Developing Category Systems -- Inductive and A Priori Codes -- Co-Occurring and Facesheet Codes -- Enumeration -- Creating Hierarchical Category Systems -- Identifying Relationships Among Categories -- Drawing Diagrams -- Corroborating and Validating Results -- Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis -- Data Analysis in Mixed Research -- Mixed Analysis Matrix -- Analytical Procedures in Mixed Data Analysis -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Terms -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercise -- Exercise Sheet -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- pt. VI Writing the Research Report -- 22.How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines -- General Principles Related to Writing the Research Report (I) -- Language (I.1) -- Editorial Style (I.2) -- Reference List (I.3) -- Typing (I.4) -- Writing an APA-Style Quantitative Research Report (II) -- Title Page (II.1) -- Abstract (II.2) -- Introduction (II.3) -- Method (II.4) -- Results (II.5) -- Discussion (II.6) -- References (II.7) -- Footnotes (II.8) -- Tables (II.9) -- Figures (II.10) -- Example of an APA-Style Manuscript -- Writing Qualitative Research Reports -- Writing Mixed Research Reports -- Action Research Reflection -- Summary -- Key Term -- Discussion Questions -- Research Exercises -- Relevant Internet Sites -- Recommended Reading.
Subject(s):
ISBN:
9781452244402 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1452244405 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Bibliography Note:
Includes bibliographical references and index.
View MARC record | catkey: 11749244