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Human factors engineering and ergonomics : a systems approach / Stephen J. Guastello

Author
Guastello, Stephen J.
Published
Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2014]
Edition
Second edition.
Physical Description
xxi, 479 pages ; 26 cm
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Contents
Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics -- Entry of Human Factors and Ergonomics -- Person-Machine System -- Cognitive Core -- Work-Space Shell -- Computer -- Beyond the Great Outdoors -- Broader Themes in the Text -- Criteria of Human Factors -- Performance Criteria -- Industry Standards -- Civil Liability -- Strict Liability -- Contributory Negligence -- Negligence -- Proving the Case -- 2.Elements of Human Factors Analysis -- Allocation of Function -- User Population -- Benefits of Machines -- Flexible Allocation of Function -- Trust in Automation -- Human Error and System Reliability -- Error Probability -- Redundancy -- Usability Testing -- Preparation -- Iterative Laboratory Testing -- Field Testing -- Technical Manuals -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- System Reengineering -- Communication, Information, and Entropy -- Communication Model -- Quantifying Information -- Entropy -- System Events Change over Time -- Perception of Change -- What Is Random? -- Simple Attractors -- Bifurcation -- Chaos -- Fractals -- Self-Organization -- Catastrophes -- Emergent Phenomena -- 3.Psychophysics -- Classical Psychophysics -- Threshold Concepts -- Fundamental Laws -- Scaling Procedures -- Psychophysical Stimuli -- Nonpsychophysical Stimuli -- Signal Detection Theory -- Threshold Concepts -- Discrimination Index -- Minimization of Errors -- ROC Curves -- Individual Differences -- Power Law -- Decisions Revisited -- Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory -- Multidimensional Stimuli -- Multidimensional Scaling -- Multidimensional Nonlinear Psychophysics -- 4.Visual Displays -- Sense of Vision -- Visual Acuity -- Color Vision -- Color Vision Abnormalities -- Photopic and Scotopic Functions -- Perception -- Form -- Figure versus Ground -- Other Principles -- Depth -- Binocular Cues -- Monocular Cues -- Motion -- Principles of Display Design -- Types of Basic Displays -- Display Design Criteria -- Visibility -- Distinguishability -- Interpretability -- Completeness -- Parallax Effect -- Color and Contrast -- Historical and Predictive Displays -- 3-D Displays -- Digital Versus Analog Displays -- Heads-Up Displays -- Display Panel Organization -- Signs of Importance -- Design -- Standards -- Behavioral Impact -- Illumination and Glare -- Illumination -- Glare -- 5.Auditory and Tactile Displays -- Sense of Hearing -- Loudness -- Pitch -- Timbre -- Binaural Hearing -- Nonverbal Auditory Displays -- Types of Nonverbal Auditory Displays -- Gestalt Laws of Perception -- Streaming -- Classic Problems and Solutions -- Localization -- Confusability -- Desensitization -- Recommendations -- Vigilance -- 3-D Auditory Displays -- Speech Displays -- Speech Spectrograms -- Noise -- Colors of Noise -- More Signal Detection -- Hearing Loss and Noise Exposure -- Tactile Displays -- Gloves -- Haptic Perception -- Knobs -- Vibration -- 6.Cognition -- Organization of Human Memory -- Short-Term Memory -- Long-Term Memory -- Types of Memory -- Working Memory -- Task Switching -- Fluid Intelligence -- Types of Decisions -- Simple Binary Decisions -- Optimizing Decisions -- Expectancy Theory -- Prospect Theory -- Incomplete Information -- Nonoptimization Decisions -- Planning -- Predicting a Future State -- Divergent Thinking -- Production Paradox -- Troubleshooting -- Fault Isolation -- Template Matching -- Statistical Template Matching -- Cognitive Workload -- Channels and Stages -- Limited Capacity Theory -- Variable Capacity Theory -- Resource Competition Model -- Multitasking -- Automatization of Cognitive Processes -- Telegraph Operation -- Controlled Processes -- Recognition Primed Decision Making -- Degrees of Freedom in Cognitive Task Organization -- Dynamic Decisions and Situation Awareness -- Dynamic Decisions -- Control of Dynamic Systems -- Situation Awareness -- The Complex Adaptive System -- Cognitive Analysis of a Person---Machine System -- Job Descriptions -- Functional Job Analysis -- Task-Based Job Analysis -- Benchmark Jobs -- Cognitive Task Analysis -- Cognitive Inventory -- Hierarchy of Rules, Skills, and Knowledge -- Hierarchy of Goals -- Ecological Task Approach -- Think-Aloud Technique -- Cognitive Workload Analysis -- Behavioral Indicators -- Subjective Indicators -- Physiological Indicators -- Augmented Cognition -- 7.Psychomotor Skill and Controls -- Reaction or Response Time -- Donders' RT -- Type of Stimuli -- Stimulus---Response Compatibility -- Population Stereotypes -- Learning and Skill Acquisition -- Skill Acquisition -- Dynamics of Learning Processes -- Speed---Accuracy Trade-Off -- Taxonomy of Psychomotor Skills -- Types of Manual Controls -- Multidimensional Controls -- Size -- Shape -- Space of Controls -- Labels -- Resistance -- Control Panels -- Feedback and Control -- Open and Closed Loops -- Fitts' Law -- Motor Control -- Walking -- Reaching and Grasping -- Aiming -- Order of Controls -- Chaotic Controllers -- Anticipation -- Adding Instability -- Periodic Entrainment -- Use of Control Parameters -- Voice Control -- 8.Anthropometry and Workspace Design -- Body Measurements -- Bodies in Motion -- Iterative Design -- Safety and Related Concerns -- Machine Guards -- Overcrowding -- Confined Spaces -- Physical Abilities -- Strength -- Flexibility -- Body Coordination and Equilibrium -- Stamina -- Lean Body Mass -- Physical Abilities Simulation -- Some Common Biomechanical Issues -- Lifting -- Walking Surfaces -- Seating -- Handtools -- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome -- Computer Workstations -- Directory Assistance Operators -- Technical Service Representatives -- Workstation Experiment -- The Near Point -- Workstations in Health Care Settings -- 9.Stress, Fatigue, and Human Performance -- Nature and Types of Stress -- Physical Stressors -- Toxins -- Extreme Temperatures -- Noise -- Social Stressors -- Crowding and Isolation -- Electronic Monitoring -- Speed and Load -- Working Too Slowly -- Signal Detection Tasks -- Work Schedules -- Circadian Rhythm -- Dysregulation -- Consequences of Stress -- Performance -- Health -- Stress and Performance Dynamics -- Arousal, Anxiety, and Performance -- Levels of Performance -- Buckling Stress -- Physical Demands -- Cognitive Demands -- Diathesis Stress -- Shiftwork -- Occupational Health -- Fatigue -- Physical Fatigue -- Cognitive Fatigue -- Cusp Models for Cognitive Workload and Fatigue -- Episodic Memory -- Pictorial Memory -- Multitasking and Ordering of Tasks -- Vigilance Dual Task -- Summary of Cusp Models -- Degrees of Freedom -- 10.Occupational Accidents and Prevention -- Causes of Death and Injury -- Death Statistics -- Occupational Accident Trends -- Structural Risk Models -- Individual Accident Proneness -- Single-Cause Models -- Multiple-Cause Models -- Domino Models or Event Chains -- Factorial Models -- Process-Event Sequences -- Fault Trees -- Flow Charts and Petri Nets -- Complex and Circular Causation Network -- Cusp Catastrophe Model of the Accident Process -- Complex Dynamics, Events, and Deviations -- Group Dynamics, Safety Climate, and Resilience -- Group Dynamics and Complex Technologies -- Safety Climate -- Cusp Model for Safety Climate -- Safety Culture -- Swiss Cheese Model -- Resilience Engineering -- Accident Prevention Programs -- Personnel Selection -- Technology Interventions -- Behavior Modification -- Poster Campaigns -- Safety Committees -- Medical Management -- Near-Miss Accident Reporting -- Comprehensive Ergonomics -- Other Management Interventions -- Governmental Interventions -- Emergency Response -- Hazard Perception -- Time Ecologies -- Situation Awareness and Sensemaking -- 11.Human---Computer Interaction -- Changing Nature of the Interface -- Controls -- Keyboards -- Keypunch Machines -- Numeric Keypads -- Membranes -- Positioning Devices -- Touchscreens -- Styli -- Gestural Interfaces -- Mobile Devices -- Gaze Control -- Memory Enhancements -- Word-Processing Challenge -- Desktop Computer -- Menu Structures -- Data Storage Capacity -- Clouds -- Visual Displays -- Error Messages -- Screen Organization -- Graphic User Interfaces -- Use of Color -- Pop Up and Wait -- Visual Icons -- Auditory and Multimedia Displays -- Auditory Icons -- Speech Interfaces -- Earcons and Spearcons -- Animation and Hypermedia -- The Internet and the Web -- Origins -- Search Engines -- Information Foraging -- Navigating the Site -- Web Pages -- Interactive Pages -- Extreme Graphics -- Virtual Reality -- Helmet and Wall Displays -- Glove and Body Controllers -- Anthropometric Issues -- Haptic Perception -- Training Systems -- Emotions in Human---Computer Interfaces -- Stress and Anxiety -- Emotions as Information -- 12.Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life -- Evolution of Programs -- Conceptual Levels of Programs and Systems -- Conceptual Levels of System Design -- Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Some Basic Principles -- Godel -- Turing -- Von Neumann -- Simon -- Expert System Architecture -- Algorithmic Systems -- Rule-Based Systems -- Chaining Strategies -- Classification Structures -- Interface Requirements -- Frame-Based Systems -- Example Spaces -- Recursive Systems -- Interface Requirements -- Smart Integrated Displays -- Large-Scale Integrated Databases -- What Is Possible? -- Data Mining -- Artificial Life -- Neural Networks -- Autonomous Agents -- Validation Issues -- Knowledge Base Validity -- Expert Knowledge Space -- Extraction of Knowledge -- Validity of Rule Groups -- Interpretation Validity -- Barnum Effect -- Meta-Interpretive Reliability -- Decision Validity -- Signal Detection Technique -- 13.Complex Systems -- NDS and Complex Systems -- Classical System Simulations -- Artificial Life Simulations -- Cellular Automata -- Agent-Based Models -- Genetic Algorithms -- Complex Adaptive Systems -- Emergence -- Phase Shifts -- Complexity Catastrophes -- Synchronicity -- Real-World Complexity -- Individual Operators -- Simplifying Designs -- Revenge Effects -- New Complex Systems -- and Contents note continued: NextGen Air Traffic Control -- The Smart Power Grid -- Modularity -- Multiple PMSs -- Networks -- Social Networks -- Nonhierarchical Structures -- Centrality -- Small Worlds -- Collective Intelligence -- Asynchronous Problem Solving in E-Communication -- Sensemaking and Situation Awareness -- Network Growth -- Dynamics of Feedback Loops -- Other Temporal Dynamics -- Learning Organizations -- Group Coordination -- Implicit Learning -- Shared Mental Models -- Role of Verbalization -- Game Theory -- Intersection Games -- Nonverbal Communication -- Minimum Entropy Principle -- Changes in Team Membership -- Group Size -- Stag Hunt and Emergency Response -- Human---Robot Interaction -- Group Cognitive Workload -- Safety in Complex Systems -- Transportation -- Information Technology -- Medicine -- Butterfly Effects -- 14.Environmental Design -- Microenvironments -- Offices -- Homes -- Kitchens -- Stairs -- Macroenvironments -- Building and Facility Complexes -- Facilities Management Systems -- Defensible Space Theory -- Navigation through Facilities -- Special Populations -- Emergency Exits -- Sick Building Syndrome -- The Great Outdoors -- Aesthetics and Stress -- Navigation -- Playing in Traffic -- Exposure -- Driver's Age -- Blood-Alcohol Concentration -- Seat Belts -- Speed Limits -- Risk Homeostasis Theory -- Driver Distractions -- Driver Response Times -- Roadway Configurations -- Lighting and Signals -- Outer Space -- Brief History -- Overview of Human Concerns -- Personnel Selection -- Gravitational Forces -- Allocation of Function -- Anthropometry -- Vision -- Vestibular Sense and Motor Control -- Sleep -- Space Habitats.
Summary
"Preface This textbook is the outgrowth of teaching human factors engineering for 30 years to undergraduates. The course is an offering of the psychology department, just as it was decades ago when I was a student myself. The field of human factors psychology (or human factors engineering, or engineering psychology) has changed markedly during that time. Although it still stays true to its original concerns about the person-machine interface, it has expanded to include new developments in stress research, accident analysis and prevention, and nonlinear dynamic systems theory (how systems change over time), and some aspects of human group dynamics and environmental psychology. Computer technology has permeated every aspect of the human-machine system, and has only become more ubiquitous since the previous edition. The systems are becoming more complex, so it should stand to reason that theories need to evolve to cope with the new sources of complexity. It has been a challenge to find a textbook for the class under these conditions of technological change. At first, I found one that seemed just perfect with regard to the breadth and depth of coverage I was looking for. After a few years it only needed a supplementary reading or two to help out, but eventually it went out of print, never to return. The other textbook choices by that time had diverged greatly in how they characterized the scope of the field. One approach concentrated on tables and graphs for otherwise traditional topics. A second approach retrenched into the theories of cognitive psychology and focused less on the practical problems in human factors. Meanwhile, library shelves were filling up with books on human-computer interaction that were becoming progressively more dissociated"--
Subject(s)
ISBN
9781466560093 (paperback)
1466560096 (paperback)
Bibliography Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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