1 Introduction -- 2 Some Conceptual Foundations: A Primer on the Economic Structure of Professional Sport -- 3 The USFL as a Case Study -- 4 A Brief History of Post-World War II Rival Leagues -- 5 Explaining Competitiveness: Alternate Theoretical Frameworks -- 6 Property-Based Resources: Franchise Locations, Stadiums, and Players -- 7 Knowledge-Based Resources -- Managerial Competencies -- 8 The Way Ahead: The Prospects for the Re-Emergence of Rival Leagues -- Index