Electronic warfare receivers and receiving systems / Richard A. Poisel
- Author
- Poisel, Richard
- Published
- Boston : Artech House, [2014]
- Copyright Date
- ©2014
- Physical Description
- xxiii, 807 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.
- Series
- Contents
- Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Receiving Systems and Receiving System Architectures -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.2.Electronic Support Systems -- 1.2.1.Electronic Support -- 1.2.2.Command and Control -- 1.3.The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.4.Receiving System Architectures -- 1.4.1.Fundamental Receiving System Model -- 1.5.Monitor Receivers -- 1.5.1.Concept of the Superhet Receiver -- 1.6.Search Receiver Architectures -- 1.6.1.Scanning Narrowband Receiver -- 1.6.2.Compressive Receiver -- 1.6.3.Digital Transform Receiver -- 1.6.4.Receiver Considerations -- 1.7.Key System Performance Parameters -- 1.7.1.Noise Figure -- 1.7.2.Sensitivity -- 1.7.3.Selectivity -- 1.7.4.Dynamic Range -- 1.7.5.Other Significant Parameters -- 1.8.Spread Spectrum -- 1.8.1.FHSS -- 1.8.2.DSSS -- 1.8.3.THSS -- 1.9.Collection Management -- 1.9.1.The Collection Management Process -- 1.10.Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 1.A Collection Management Process Output Products -- 1.A.1.Asset Evaluation Worksheet -- 1.A.2.Intelligence Synchronization Matrix -- References -- ch. 2 Signals and Modulation Systems -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Representing Signals -- 2.3.Complex Signals and Systems -- 2.3.1.Introduction -- 2.3.2.Basic Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3.3.Analytic Signals and Hilbert Transforms -- 2.3.4.Frequency Translations and Mixing -- 2.3.5.Complex Signals and Sampling -- 2.3.6.Summary -- 2.4.System Definition -- 2.5.Modulations -- 2.5.1.Analog Modulations -- 2.5.2.Modern Digital Modulations -- 2.6.Random Modulation -- 2.6.1.Stationary Processes -- 2.6.2.Random Modulation -- 2.6.3.Summary -- 2.7.Access Methods -- 2.7.1.TDMA -- 2.7.2.FDMA -- 2.7.3.CDMA -- 2.7.4.SDMA -- 2.8.Pulse-Shaping Filters -- 2.8.1.Rectangular Pulse -- 2.8.2.Shaped Pulses -- 2.9.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 3 RF Stage -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Normalized Input Referred Added Noise -- 3.3.Noise Factor/Figure -- 3.4.Low Noise Amplifiers -- 3.4.1.Introduction -- 3.4.2.Minimum Noise Factor -- 3.4.3.LNA Gain -- 3.4.4.BJT LNA -- 3.4.5.MOSFET LNA -- 3.4.6.Input Matching -- 3.4.7.LNA Stability -- 3.4.8.LNA Nonlinearity Model -- 3.5.Noise Reduction with an Input Transformer -- 3.6.Band Select Filtering/Preselector Filters -- 3.6.1.Roofing Filters -- 3.7.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 4 Bandwidth Expansion for Small Signal Amplifiers -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Shunt Peaking -- 4.3.Input and Output Matching -- 4.3.1.Bandwidth Enhancement for Transimpedance Amplifiers -- 4.3.2.Limits to Bandwidth Enhancement -- 4.4.Lossy Matching -- 4.4.1.Performance Parameters -- 4.4.2.Practical Considerations -- 4.4.3.Summary -- 4.5.Feedback -- 4.5.1.Shunt-Series Feedback -- 4.5.2.Shunt Feedback -- 4.5.3.Bandwidth Extension -- 4.6.Balanced Amplifiers -- 4.6.1.Coupling -- 4.7.Distributed Amplifier -- 4.8.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 5 RF Mixers and Mixing -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.RF Mixers -- 5.2.1.Introduction -- 5.2.2.Nonlinear Mixers -- 5.2.3.Analog Mixing -- 5.2.4.Large Signal Mixer Performance -- 5.2.5.Switching or Sampling Mixers -- 5.2.6.Some Passive Mixers -- 5.2.7.Some Active Mixers -- 5.2.8.Isolation -- 5.2.9.Conversion Gain -- 5.2.10.Mixer Noise -- 5.2.11.Image Reject Filtering -- 5.2.12.Summary -- 5.3.Local Oscillators -- 5.3.1.Characteristics of Feedback -- 5.3.2.Fundamental Oscillator Types -- 5.3.3.Crystal Oscillators -- 5.3.4.Microelectromechanical Oscillators -- 5.3.5.Phase Locked Loops -- 5.3:6.Frequency Synthesizers -- 5.3.7.Oscillator Phase Noise -- 5.3.8.Oscillator Stability -- 5.4.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 6 IF Amplifiers -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Amplifier Input and Output Impedances and Gain -- 6.3.RF Amplifiers -- 6.3.1.EW RF Amplifier Analysis -- 6.3.2.BJT IF Amplifiers -- 6.3.3.MOSFET High Frequency Amplifiers -- 6.3.4.Frequency Response of RF Amplifiers -- 6.3.5.Microwave Tubes -- 6.4.Transformer Coupling -- 6.5.Automatic Gain Control -- 6.5.1.Introduction -- 6.5.2.VGA Types -- 6.5.3.Loop Dynamics -- 6.5.4.Detector Types -- 6.5.5.Operating-Level of Detector -- 6.6.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 7 IF Filters -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Filters and Signals -- 7.3.Basic Filter Types -- 7.3.1.Transfer Functions -- 7.3.2.Brick-Wall Filter -- 7.3.3.Bandpass -- 7.3.4.Notch or Bandstop -- 7.3.5.Lowpass -- 7.3.6.Highpass -- 7.3.7.All-Pass or Phase-Shift -- 7.3.8.Higher-Order Filters -- 7.4.Filter Approximations -- 7.4.1.Introduction -- 7.4.2.Butterworth -- 7.4.3.Chebyshev -- 7.4.4.Bessel -- 7.4.5.Elliptic (Cauer) -- 7.5.Approaches to Implementing Filters -- 7.5.1.Passive Filters -- 7.5.2.Surface Acoustic Wave Filters -- 7.5.3.Crystal Filters -- 7.5.4.Ceramic RF and IF Filters -- 7.5.5.MEMS RF Filters -- 7.6.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 8 Narrowband Receivers -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Superheterodyne Receivers -- 8.2.1.Superheterodyne Receiver History -- 8.2.2.Mixing and the Superhet Receiver -- 8.2.3.Images in the Superhet Receiver -- 8.2.4.IF Frequencies -- 8.2.5.Superhet Receiver Block Diagram -- 8.3.Homodyne (Zero-IF) Receiver -- 8.3.1.Concept of the DCR -- 8.3.2.Overview of DC Offsets in DCRs -- 8.3.3.Noise in Direct Conversion Receivers -- 8.4.Tuned Radio Frequency Receivers -- 8.5.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 9 Compressive Receivers -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Compressive Receiver Configurations -- 9.2.1.C-M-C and M-C-M Configurations -- 9.3.Fundamentals of CxRx Operation -- 9.3.1.The M(s)-C(l)-M Arrangement -- 9.4.Dispersive Delay Lines -- 9.4.1.Limitations of Practical SAW Devices -- 9.5.M-C CxRx Operation -- 9.5.1.Swept Local Oscillator -- 9.5.2.Frequency Resolution -- 9.5.3.Frequency Accuracy -- 9.5.4.Sensitivity and Compression Time -- 9.5.5.Simultaneous Signal Detection -- 9.5.6.CxRx Response -- 9.6.The C-M-C Chirp Transform Arrangement -- 9.7.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 10 Digital Receivers Overview -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Digital Receiver Architectures -- 10.2.1.Narrowband Digital Receiver -- 10.2.2.Digital RF Architecture -- 10.2.3.IF Sampling Topology -- 10.2.4.Electronic Warfare Digital Receiver -- 10.3.Digital Receiver Technology Drivers -- 10.3.1.Analog-to-Digital Converter -- 10.3.2.Digital Signal Processor -- 10.4.Elementary Introduction to RF/IF Digital Signal Processing -- 10.4.1.Frequency-Domain Ambiguity -- 10.4.2.Quadrature Signals -- 10.4.3.Summary -- 10.5.Digital EW Receivers -- 10.5.1.Introduction -- 10.5.2.Single-Signal versus Multisignal -- 10.5.3.Benefits of Implementing a Digital Receiver -- 10.5.4.Receiver Performance Expectations -- 10.5.5.Available Noise Power -- 10.5.6.Cascaded Noise Figure -- 10.5.7.Noise Figures and ADCs -- 10.5.8.Conversion Gain and Sensitivity -- 10.5.9.ADC Spurious Signals and Dither -- 10.5.10.Third-Order Intercept Point -- 10.5.11.ADC Clock Jitter -- 10.5.12.Phase Noise -- 10.5.13.Summary -- 10.6.Gain and Phase Imbalance -- 10.7.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 11 Sampling and Analog-to-Digital Converters -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Wideband Receivers -- 11.2.1.Channelized -- 11.3.Sampling Methods and Analog Filtering -- 11.3.1.Nyquist Sampling -- 11.3.2.Bandpass Sampling -- 11.4.Effects of Quantization Noise, Distortion, and Receiver Noise -- 11.4.1.Introduction -- 11.4.2.ADC Transfer Function -- 11.4.3.Input-Referred Noise -- 11.4.4.Theoretical Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 11.4.5.Practical Specifications for Real ADCs -- 11.4.6.ADC Noises -- 11.4.7.Spurious-Free Dynamic Range -- 11.4.8.Noise Power Ratio -- 11.5.Flash ADC -- 11.5.1.Flash ADC Architecture -- 11.5.2.Sparkle Codes -- 11.5.3.Metastability -- 11.5.4.Input Signal Frequency Dependence -- 11.6.Sigma-Delta ADCs -- 11.6.1.Introduction -- 11.6.2.Σ-Δ ADC Operation -- 11.6.3.Higher Order Loop Considerations -- 11.6.4.Multibit Sigma-Delta Converters -- 11.6.5.Bandpass Sigma-Delta Converters -- 11.7.Flash ADC versus Other ADC Architectures -- 11.7.1.Flash versus SAR ADCs -- 11.7.2.Flash versus Pipelined ADCs -- 11.7.3.Flash versus Integrating ADCs -- 11.7.4.Flash versus Sigma-Delta ADCs -- 11.7.5.Flash ADC Architectural Tradeoffs -- 11.7.6.Flash Converter Characteristics -- 11.7.7.Summary -- 11.8.Other Sampling and ADC Considerations -- 11.8.1.Ease of ADC Implementation -- 11.8.2.Linearity -- 11.8.3.Power Consumption, Circuit Complexity, Chip Area, and Reconfigurability -- 11.9.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 12 Digital Filtering -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.1.1.Advantages of Using Digital Filters -- 12.1.2.Disadvantages of Digital Filters -- 12.2.Operation of Digital Filters -- 12.3.Simple Digital Filters -- 12.3.1.Order of a Digital Filter -- 12.3.2.Digital Filter Coefficients -- 12.4.Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters -- 12.4.1.Impulse Response -- 12.4.2.Lowpass FIR Filter -- 12.4.3.Order of an IIR Filter -- 12.4.4.Example of a Recursive Filter -- 12.4.5.Coefficients of IIR Digital Filters -- 12.5.The Transfer Function of a Digital Filter -- 12.5.1.The Frequency Response of Digital Filters -- 12.6.Multirate Processing of Bandpass and I/Q Signals -- 12.6.1.Decimation or Downsampling with Complex Signals -- 12.6.2.Interpolation or Upsampling with Complex Signals -- 12.6.3.Efficient Polyphase Structures -- 12.7.Hilbert Transform and Delay -- 12.7.1.Filtering Effect of the Delay Processing -- 12.8.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 13 Digital Demodulation -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Digital I/Q Demodulation -- 13.2.1.Introduction -- 13.2.2.I/Q Demodulation -- 13.3.Direct IF Digital Demodulator -- 13.3.1.Digital Signal Processing without the Digital Signal Processor -- 13.3.2.I/Q Sampling -- 13.3.3.Vector Representation -- 13.3.4.Undersampling -- 13.4.Direct IF-Processing Elements -- 13.4.1.A/D Converter/IF Sampler -- 13.4.2.Digital IF Sample to I/Q Vector Conversion -- 13.4.3.I/Q Vector to Phase Conversion -- 13.4.4.Vector Magnitude: AM Detection -- 13.4.5.Summary -- 13.5.I/Q Imbalance Compensation -- 13.5.1.Baseband Signal Model for Digital Imbalance Compensation -- 13.5.2.Adaptive Interference Cancellation (IC)-Based Compensation -- and Contents note continued: 13.5.3.Summary -- 13.5.4.Verification and Validation -- 13.6.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 14 Digital-to-Analog Converters -- 14.1.Introduction -- 14.2.Digital-to-Analog Converter Architectures -- 14.2.1.DAC Transfer Function -- 14.2.2.String DAC -- 14.2.3.Fully Decoded DACs -- 14.2.4.Time Reference Divider -- 14.2.5.Oversampling DACs -- 14.2.6.Sigma-Delta DACs -- 14.2.7.Current-to-Voltage Converters -- 14.3.Error Sources in DACs -- 14.3.1.Static Error Sources -- 14.3.2.Dynamic Error Sources -- 14.4.Reconstruction Filters -- 14.5.Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 14.A Semiconductor Current Sources and Switches -- 14.A.1.Semiconductor Current Sources -- 14.A.2.Semiconductor Switches -- 14.A.3.Transistors as Current Source and Switch -- References -- ch. 15 Direct Digital Converters -- 15.1.Introduction -- 15.2.Digital Receivers -- 15.3.Digital Downconverters -- 15.3.1.Introduction -- 15.3.2.Digital Downconverters -- 15.4.Polyphase Filter Banks -- 15.4.1.Introduction -- 15.4.2.Polyphase Bandwidth, Spectral Spacing, and Output Sample Rates -- 15.4.3.Computational Complexity -- 15.5.Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 15 A Direct Digital Synthesis -- 15.A.1.Phase Truncation -- 15.A.2.Direct Digital Synthesis -- References -- ch. 16 Spread Spectrum Techniques -- 16.1.Introduction -- 16.2.Review of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum -- 16.2.1.Fundamentals of DSSS Operation -- 16.2.2.Modulation and Demodulation -- 16.2.3.Coding Techniques -- 16.2.4.Near-Far Problem -- 16.3.Review of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum -- 16.3.1.FHSS Operation -- 16.3.2.Modulation -- 16.3.3.Coding -- 16.3.4.FHSS Issues -- 16.3.5.Near-Far Problem -- 16.4.Time Hopped Spread Spectrum -- 16.4.1.Introduction -- 16.4.2.Ultrawideband Systems -- 16.4.3.Modulation Formats -- 16.4.4.UWB Pulse Position Modulation -- 16.4.5.Jam Resistance and Processing Gain -- 16.4.6.Multipath and Propagation -- 16.5.Advantages of Spread Spectrum -- 16.6.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 17 Receivers for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Intercept -- 17.1.Introduction -- 17.2.Overview of Two Receivers -- 17.2.1.Eigenanalysis Technique -- 17.2.2.Spectral Norm Maximization -- 17.3.Eigenanalysis Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver -- 17.3.1.Signal Model -- 17.3.2.Estimation of the Symbol Duration -- 17.3.3.Blind Estimation of the Spreading Sequence -- 17.3.4.Verification and Validation -- 17.3.5.Summary -- 17.4.Spectral Norm Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver -- 17.4.1.Symbol Synchronization -- 17.4.2.Symbol Estimation -- 17.4.3.Spread Sequence Estimation -- 17.4.4.Identification of Generator Polynomial -- 17.4.5.Verification and Validation -- 17.4.6.Summary -- 17.5.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 18 Receivers for Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Intercept -- 18.1.Introduction -- 18.1.1.Signal Detection -- 18.2.Optimal Receivers for Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Interception -- 18.3.Detection of Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Signals with Filter Bank Combiners -- 18.3.1.Introduction -- 18.3.2.Receiver Structure -- 18.3.3.Radiometer Output Distribution -- 18.3.4.Channelization Techniques -- 18.3.5.Logical OR-SUM Channelized Radiometer -- 18.3.6.MAX-SUM Channelized Radiometer -- 18.3.7.Verification and Validation -- 18.3.8.Summary -- 18.3.9.Partial-Band Detection -- 18.4.Scanning Superhet for Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Target Detection -- 18.4.1.Scanning Narrowband Receiver -- 18.4.2.Performance of Scanning Superhet Receivers -- 18.4.3.Sequential versus Nonsequential Scanning -- 18.5.Compressive Receivers for Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Interception -- 18.5.1.Compressive Receiver -- 18.5.2.Noise and Signal -- 18.5.3.Low SNR Detector -- 18.5.4.Simple Filter Detectors -- 18.5.5.Verification and Validation -- 18.5.6.Summary -- 18.6.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 19 Receivers for Time Hopped Spread Spectrum Intercept -- 19.1.Introduction -- 19.2.Detecting UWB Signals -- 19.2.1.Modulations -- 19.2.2.Required SNR Measure of Effectiveness -- 19.2.3.Ratio of Distance-Measure of Effectiveness -- 19.3.Concluding Remarks -- References -- ch. 20 Direction Finding Receivers -- 20.1.Introduction -- 20.2.Direction of Arrival -- 20.3.Direction Finding Techniques Overview -- 20.3.1.The Adcock Array and the Watson-Watt System -- 20.3.2.PseudoDoppler Direction Finding System Overview -- 20.3.3.Phase Interferometer System Overview -- 20.4.Error Sources in Direction Finding Systems -- 20.4.1.Polarization-Induced Error -- 20.4.2.DF Errors Caused by Incoherent Wave Interference -- 20.4.3.DF Errors Caused by Coherent Wave Interference (Multipath) -- 20.4.4.Modulation -- 20.4.5.Physical Antenna Arrangement -- 20.4.6.Receiver Noise -- 20.4.7.Amplitude Matching and Phase Tracking -- 20.4.8.Antenna Element Interaction -- 20.4.9.Antenna Height above Ground -- 20.5.Adcock/Watson-Watt (Four-Element Adcock) -- 20.5.1.Natural Direction Finding Error of the Adcock -- 20.5.2.Adcock Direction Finding Errors Caused by Reflections (Coherent Wave Interference) -- 20.5.3.Adcock Incoherent Interference -- 20.5.4.Adcock Polarization Error -- 20.5.5.Adcock/Watson-Watt Errors Due to Receiver Noise -- 20.5.6.Amplitude Matching with Adcock Direction Finding -- 20.5.7.Phase Errors with the Adcock Direction Finding -- 20.5.8.Adcock/Watson-Watt Modulation-Induced Errors -- 20.5.9.Interaction of the Adcock Antenna Elements -- 20.5.10.Geometrical Errors of the Adcock Antenna -- 20.6.Pseudo Doppler Systems -- 20.6.1.Output Harmonics -- 20.6.2.Other Receiver Implications -- 20.6.3.Polarization-Induced Errors -- 20.6.4.Doppler Coherent Wave Interference -- 20.6.5.Doppler Incoherent Interference -- 20.6.6.Doppler Errors due to Receiver Noise -- 20.6.7.Tracking and Matching for Doppler Direction Finding -- 20.6.8.Direction Finding Errors Caused by the Group Delay of the S Doppler Direction Finding Receiver -- 20.6.9.Doppler Direction Finding Errors Caused by Modulation -- 20.6.10.Interaction of the Doppler Antenna Elements -- 20.6.11.Geometrical Errors of the Doppler Antenna -- 20.7.Phase Interferometers -- 20.7.1.Four-Element Interferometer -- 20.7.2.Modulation-Induced Errors -- 20.7.3.Tracking Imbalance-Induced Errors -- 20.7.4.Polarization Induced-Errors -- 20.7.5.Antenna Interaction-Induced Errors -- 20.7.6.Geometrical Misplacement-Induced Errors -- 20.7.7.Coherent Interference -- 20.7.8.Incoherent Interference -- 20.8.Dual Channel Compressive Receivers for Direction Finding -- 20.8.1.Phase Processor -- 20.8.2.Phase Measurements -- 20.8.3.Butler Matrix -- 20.8.4.Receiver Implications -- 20.9.Concluding Remarks -- Appendix 20.A RMS and RSS in Error Analysis -- References.
- Subject(s)
- ISBN
- 1608078418
9781608078417 - Note
- HIGHLY MATHEMATICAL.
- Bibliography Note
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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