Welding metallurgy and weldability / John C. Lippold
- Author:
- Lippold, John C.
- Published:
- Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & sons Inc., [2015]
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource
- Access Online:
- ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu
- Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Fabrication-Related Defects -- 1.2.Service-Related Defects -- 1.3.Defect Prevention and Control -- References -- 2.Welding Metallurgy Principles -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Regions of a Fusion Weld -- 2.3.Fusion Zone -- 2.3.1.Solidification of Metals -- 2.3.1.1.Solidification Parameters -- 2.3.1.2.Solidification Nucleation -- 2.3.1.3.Solidification Modes -- 2.3.1.4.Interface Stability -- 2.3.2.Macroscopic Aspects of Weld Solidification -- 2.3.2.1.Effect of Travel Speed and Temperature Gradient -- 2.3.3.Microscopic Aspects of Weld Solidification -- 2.3.3.1.Solidification Subgrain Boundaries (SSGB) -- 2.3.3.2.Solidification Grain Boundaries (SGB) -- 2.3.3.3.Migrated Grain Boundaries (MGB) -- 2.3.4.Solute Redistribution -- 2.3.4.1.Macroscopic Solidification -- 2.3.4.2.Microscopic Solidification -- 2.3.5.Examples of Fusion Zone Microstructures -- 2.3.6.Transition Zone (TZ) -- 2.4.Unmixed Zone (UMZ) -- 2.5.Partially Melted Zone (PMZ) -- 2.5.1.Penetration Mechanism -- 2.5.2.Segregation Mechanism -- 2.5.2.1.Gibbsian Segregation -- 2.5.2.2.Grain Boundary Sweeping -- 2.5.2.3.Pipeline Diffusion -- 2.5.2.4.Grain Boundary Wetting -- 2.5.3.Examples of PMZ formation -- 2.6.Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) -- 2.6.1.Recrystallization and Grain Growth -- 2.6.2.Allotropic Phase Transformations -- 2.6.3.Precipitation Reactions -- 2.6.4.Examples of HAZ Microstructure -- 2.7.Solid-State Welding -- 2.7.1.Friction Stir Welding -- 2.7.2.Diffusion Welding -- 2.7.3.Explosion Welding -- 2.7.4.Ultrasonic Welding -- References -- 3.Hot Cracking -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Weld Solidification Cracking -- 3.2.1.Theories of Weld Solidification Cracking -- 3.2.1.1.Shrinkage-Brittleness Theory -- 3.2.1.2.Strain Theory -- 3.2.1.3.Generalized Theory -- 3.2.14.Modified Generalized Theory -- 3.2.1.5.Technological Strength Theory -- 3.2.1.6.Commentary on Solidification Cracking Theories -- 3.2.2.Predictions of Elemental Effects -- 3.2.3.The BTR and Solidification Cracking Temperature Range -- 3.2.4.Factors that Influence Weld Solidification Cracking -- 3.2.4.1.Composition Control -- 3.2.4.2.Grain Boundary Liquid Films -- 3.2.4.3.Effect of Restraint -- 3.2.5.Identifying Weld Solidification Cracking -- 3.2.6.Preventing Weld Solidification Cracking -- 3.3.Liquation Cracking -- 3.3.1.HAZ Liquation Cracking -- 3.3.2.Weld Metal Liquation Cracking -- 3.3.3.Variables that Influence Susceptibility to Liquation Cracking -- 3.3.3.1.Composition -- 3.3.3.2.Grain Size -- 3.3.3.3.Base Metal Heat Treatment -- 3.3.3.4.Weld Heat Input and Filler Metal Selection -- 3.3.4.Identifying HAZ and Weld Metal Liquation Cracks -- 3.3.5.Preventing Liquation Cracking -- References -- 4.Solid-State Cracking -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 4.2.1.Proposed Mechanisms -- 4.2.2.Summary of Factors That Influence DDC -- 4.2.3.Quantifying Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 4.2.4.Identifying Ductility-Dip Cracks -- 4.2.5.Preventing DDC -- 4.3.Reheat Cracking -- 4.3.1.Reheat Cracking in Low-Alloy Steels -- 4.3.2.Reheat Cracking in Stainless Steels -- 4.3.3.Underclad Cracking -- 4.3.4.Relaxation Cracking -- 4.3.5.Identifying Reheat Cracking -- 4.3.6.Quantifying Reheat Cracking Susceptibility -- 4.3.7.Preventing Reheat Cracking -- 4.4.Strain-Age Cracking -- 4.4.1.Mechanism for Strain-age Cracking -- 4.4.2.Factors That Influence SAC Susceptibility -- 4.4.2.1.Composition -- 4.4.2.2.Grain Size -- 4.4.2.3.Residual Stress and Restraint -- 4.4.2.4.Welding Procedure -- 4.4.2.5.Effect of PWHT -- 4.4.3.Quantifying Susceptibility to Strain-age Cracking -- 4.4.4.Identifying Strain-age Cracking -- 4.4.5.Preventing Strain-age Cracking -- 4.5.Lamellar Cracking -- 4.5.1.Mechanism of Lamellar Cracking -- 4.5.2.Quantifying Lamellar Cracking -- 4.5.3.Identifying Lamellar Cracking -- 4.5.4.Preventing Lamellar Cracking -- 4.6.Copper Contamination Cracking -- 4.6.1.Mechanism for Copper Contamination Cracking -- 4.6.2.Quantifying Copper Contamination Cracking -- 4.6.3.Identifying Copper Contamination Cracking -- 4.6.4.Preventing Copper Contamination Cracking -- References -- 5.Hydrogen-Induced Cracking -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.Hydrogen Embrittlement Theories -- 5.2.1.Planar Pressure Theory -- 5.2.2.Surface Adsorption Theory -- 5.2.3.Decohesion Theory -- 5.2.4.Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity Theory -- 5.2.5.Beachem's Stress Intensity Model -- 5.3.Factors That Influence HIC -- 5.3.1.Hydrogen in Welds -- 5.3.2.Effect of Microstructure -- 5.3.3.Restraint -- 5.3.4.Temperature -- 5.4.Quantifying Susceptibility to HIC -- 5.4.1.Jominy End Quench Method -- 5.4.2.Controlled Thermal Severity Test -- 5.4.3.The Y-Groove (Tekken) Test -- 5.4.4.Gapped Bead-on-Plate Test -- 5.4.5.The Implant Test -- 5.4.6.Tensile Restraint Cracking Test -- 5.4.7.Augmented Strain Cracking Test -- 5.5.Identifying HIC -- 5.6.Preventing HIC -- 5.6.1.CE Method -- 5.6.2.AWS Method -- References -- 6.Corrosion -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Forms of Corrosion -- 6.2.1.General Corrosion -- 6.2.2.Galvanic Corrosion -- 6.2.3.Crevice Corrosion -- 6.2.4.Selective Leaching -- 6.2.5.Erosion Corrosion -- 6.2.6.Pitting -- 6.2.7.Intergranular Corrosion -- 6.2.7.1.Preventing Sensitization -- 6.2.7.2.Knifeline Attack -- 6.2.7.3.Low-Temperature Sensitization -- 6.2.8.Stress Corrosion Cracking -- 6.2.9.Microbiologically Induced Corrosion -- 6.3.Corrosion Testing -- 6.3.1.Atmospheric Corrosion Tests -- 6.3.2.Immersion Tests -- 6.3.3.Electrochemical Tests -- References -- 7.Fracture and Fatigue -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Fracture -- 7.3.Quantifying Fracture Toughness -- 7.4.Fatigue -- 7.5.Quantifying Fatigue Behavior -- 7.6.Identifying Fatigue Cracking -- 7.6.1.Beach Marks -- 7.6.2.River Lines -- 7.6.3.Fatigue Striations -- 7.7.Avoiding Fatigue Failures -- References -- 8.Failure Analysis -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Fractography -- 8.2.1.History of Fractography -- 8.2.2.The SEM -- 8.2.3.Fracture Modes -- 8.2.4.Fractography of Weld Failures -- 8.2.4.1.Solidification Cracking -- 8.2.4.2.Liquation Cracking -- 8.2.4.3.Ductility-Dip Cracking -- 8.2.4.4.Reheat Cracking -- 8.2.4.5.Strain-Age Cracking -- 8.2.4.6.Hydrogen-Induced Cracking -- 8.3.An Engineer's Guide to Failure Analysis -- 8.3.1.Site Visit -- 8.3.2.Collect Background Information -- 8.3.3.Sample Removal and Testing Protocol -- 8.3.4.Sample Removal, Cleaning, and Storage -- 8.3.5.Chemical Analysis -- 8.3.6.Macroscopic Analysis -- 8.3.7.Selection of Samples for Microscopic Analysis -- 8.3.8.Selection of Analytical Techniques -- 8.3.9.Mechanical Testing -- 8.3.10.Simulative Testing -- 8.3.11.Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques -- 8.3.12.Structural Integrity Assessment -- 8.3.13.Consultation with Experts -- 8.3.14.Final Reporting -- 8.3.15.Expert Testimony in Support of Litigation -- References -- 9.Weldability Testing -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Types of Weldability Test Techniques -- 9.3.The Varestraint Test -- 9.3.1.Technique for Quantifying Weld Solidification Cracking -- 9.3.2.Technique for Quantifying HAZ Liquation Cracking -- 9.4.The Cast Pin Tear Test -- 9.5.The Hot Ductility Test -- 9.6.The Strain-to-Fracture Test -- 9.7.Reheat Cracking Test -- 9.8.Implant Test for HAZ HIC -- 9.9.Gapped Bead-on-Plate Test for Weld Metal HIC -- 9.10.Other Weldability Tests -- References.
- Summary:
- "This book describes the weldability aspects of many structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys. The basic mechanisms of weldability are described and methods to improve weldability are described. Specific topics include solidification and liquation cracking, solid-state cracking, hydrogen cracking, fracture and fatigue, and corrosion. Methods for interpretation of weld failures using computational and characterization techniques are described"--
"Book deals with a wide range of materials and weldability issues"-- - Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 9781118960332 electronic bk.
1118960335 electronic bk.
9781118960318
1118960319
9781118960325
1118960327
9781118230701 (hardback) - Note:
- AVAILABLE ONLINE TO AUTHORIZED PSU USERS.
- Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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