Actions for Applied chemical and isotopic groundwater hydrology
Applied chemical and isotopic groundwater hydrology / Emanuel Mazor
- Author
- Mazor, ʻImanuʼel
- Published
- New York : Halsted Press, 1991.
- Physical Description
- viii, 273 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm
- Contents
- BASIC HYDROLOGICAL CONCEPTS: The aerated intake zone -- The saturated zone and the water table -- Aquifers -- Aquicludes -- Phreatic, or free surface, aquifers -- Confined aquifers and artesian flow -- Karstic systems -- Velocity of groundwater flow in the saturated zone -- Modes of groundwater-flow in thfe saturated zone -- Evapotranspiration -- Recharge -- Discharge -- GEOLOGICAL DATA: Lithology and its bearing on water composition -- Properties of geological materials and their bearing on recharge and groundwater storage -- Layering and its effect on groundwater flow -- Folded structures and their bearing on flow direction and confinement -- Faults controlling groundwater flow -- Intrusive bodies influencing groundwater flow -- PHYSICAL PARAMETERS: Water table measurements -- Interpretation of water table data -- Gradient and flow direction -- The need for complementary data to check deduced gradients and flow directions -- Velocities and pumping tests -- Chemical and physical measurements during pumping tests -- Temperature measurements -- Tracing groundwater by temperature; a few case studies of the Mohawk River -- Cold and hot groundwater systems -- Discharge measurements and their interpretative value -- ELEMENTS, ISOTOPES, IONS, UNITS, ERRORS: Elements -- Isotopes -- Atomic weight -- Ions and valencies -- Ionic compounds -- Concentration units -- Reproducibility, accuracy, resolution and limit of detection -- Errors and significant figures -- Checking the laboratory -- Evaluation of data quality by data processing techniques -- Putting life into a dry table -- Evaluation of calculated reproducibilities and reaction errors -- CHEMICAL PARAMETERS - DATA PROCESSING: Data tables -- Fingerprint diagrams -- Composition diagrams -- Major patterns seen in composition diagrams -- Establishing hydraulic interconnections -- Mixing patterns -- End member properties and mixing percentages -- Water-rock interactions and types of rocks passed -- Water composition -- Compositional time variations -- Some case studies -- PLANNING HYDROCHEMICAL STUDIES: Representative samples -- Data collection during drilling -- Depth profiles -- Data collection during pumping tests -- Importance of historical data -- Repeated observations or time-data series -- Search for meaningful parameters -- Sampling for contour maps -- Sampling along transects -- Reconnaissance studies -- Detailed studies -- Summary: a planning list -- and CHEMICAL PARAMETERS - FIELD WORK: Field measurements -- Smell and taste -- Temperature -- Electrical conductance -- pH -- Dissolved oxygen -- Alkalinity -- Sampling for dissolved ion analyses -- Sampling for isotopic measurements -- Preservation of samples -- Efflorescences -- Equipment list for field work -- STABLE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES: Isotopic composition of water molecules -- Units of isotopic composition of water -- Isotopic fractionation during evaporation and some hydrological applications -- The meteoric isotope line -- Temperature effect -- Amount effect -- Continental effect -- Altitude effect -- Tracing groundwater with deuterium and oxygen-18: local studies -- Tracing groundwater with deuterium and oxygen-18: a regional study -- The need for multisampling -- TRITIUM: The radioactive heavy hydrogen isotope -- Natural tritium production -- Manmade tritium inputs -- Tritium as a short-term age indicator -- Tritium as a tracer of recharge and piston flow: observations in wells -- The special role of tritium in tracing intermixing of old and recent waters -- Tritium, dissolved ions and stable isotopes as tracers for rapid discharge along fractures: the Mont Blanc tunnel case study -- RADIOCARBON AND CARBON-13: The isotopes of carbon -- Natural 14C production -- Manmade carbon-14 dilution and addition -- Carbon-14 in groundwater: an introduction to dating of groundwater -- Lowering of 14C content by reactions with rocks -- Carbon-13 abundances, and their relevance to 14C dating of groundwater -- Application of 13C to correct observed 14C values for changes caused by interactions with carbonate rocks -- Direction of down-gradient flow and groundwater age, studied by 14C: case studies -- Flow discontinuities between adjacent phreatic and confined aquifers, indicated by 14C and other parameters -- Mixing of groundwaters, revealed by joint interpretation of tritium and 14C data -- Piston flow versus karstic flow, revealed by 14C data -- NOBLE GASES: Rare, inert, or noble? -- Atmospheric noble gases -- Groundwater as a closed system for atmospheric noble gases -- Studies on retention of atmospheric noble gases in groundwater systems: cold springs -- Further checks on atmospheric noble gas retention: warm springs -- Computation of paleotemperatures -- Calculation of depth of circulation and location of repharge zone -- Identifying karstic recharge -- Radiogenic He and its use as an age indicator -- Sample collection for noble gas measurements, and contact with relevant laboratories -- MONITORING OF CONTAMINANTS: Scope of the problem -- Detection and monitoring of pollutants: some basic rules -- Groundwater pollution case studies -- Nuclear waste disposal -- Summary of case studies -- HYDROCHEMISTS' REPORTS: Why reports? -- Types of report -- Internal structure of reports.
- Subject(s)
- ISBN
- 0470216522
- Bibliography Note
- Includes bibliographical references (pages [264]-270) and index.
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