Introduction -- The 1990s and early 2000s -- The 2008 global crisis -- The crisis in the euro-zone -- Analytics of financial fragility of banks -- Analytics of credit frictions and market freezes -- Analytics of asset bubbles -- Analytics of currency crises -- Foreign investment : information asymmetry -- Foreign investment : liquidity shocks -- The benchmark paradigm -- Leveraging, de-leveraging and the liquidity trap -- Amplication and persistency of shocks in dynamic macroeconomic models -- Epilogue.