Actions for The mind's machine : foundations of brain and behavior

Email RIS file
Bookmark
Report an Issue

The mind's machine : foundations of brain and behavior / Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove

Author
Watson, Neil V. (Neil Verne), 1962-
Published
Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, [2016]
Edition
Second edition.
Physical Description
xxii, 471 pages, 101 variously numbered pages : illustrations (some color) ; 28 cm
Additional Creators
Breedlove, S. Marc

Availability

Browse Nearby on Shelf
I Want It
I Want It

Finding items...

Contents
Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 An Introduction to Brain and Behavior -- What's in a Name? -- The Science of Brain and Behavior Spans Past, Present, and Future -- The behavioral role of the brain was uncertain to early scholars -- Advances in experimental methodology propel modern biological psychology -- Box 1.1 We Are All Alike, and We Are All Different -- The future of biological psychology is in interdisciplinary discovery and knowledge translation -- Careful Research Design Is Crucial for Brain Research -- Three kinds of studies probe brain-behavior relationships -- Biological psychologists use several levels of analysis -- Animal research is an essential part of life sciences research, including biological psychology -- Looking Forward: A Glimpse inside the Mind's Machine -- Chapter 1 Visual Summary -- ch. 2 Cells and Structures: The Anatomy of the Nervous System -- The Nervous System Is Composed of Cells -- The neuron has four principal divisions -- Information is received through synapses -- Box 2.1 Visualizing the Cellular Structure of the Brain -- The axon integrates and then transmits information -- Glial cells protect and assist neurons -- The Nervous System Extends throughout the Body -- The peripheral nervous system has two divisions -- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord -- Box 2.2 Three Customary Orientations for Viewing the Brain and Body -- The Brain Is Described in Terms of Both Structure and Function -- The cerebral cortex performs complex cognitive processing -- Important nuclei are hidden beneath the cerebral cortex -- The midbrain has sensory and motor systems -- The brainstem controls vital body functions -- Specialized Support Systems Protect and Nourish the Brain -- The brain floats within layers of membranes -- The brain relies on two fluids for survival -- Signs & Symptoms: Stroke -- Brain-Imaging Techniques Reveal the Structure and Function of the Human Brain -- CT uses X-rays to reveal brain structure -- MRI maps density to deduce brain structure with high detail -- Functional MRI uses local changes in metabolism to identify active brain regions -- PET tracks radioactive substances to produce images of brain activity -- Researchers at work Subtractive analysis isolates specific brain activity -- Magnetism can be used to study the brain -- Chapter 2 Visual Summary -- ch. 3 Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals -- Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System -- A balance of electrochemical forces produces the resting potential of neurons -- A threshold amount of depolarization triggers an action potential -- Ionic mechanisms underlie the action potential -- Action potentials are actively propagated along the axon -- Box 3.1 How Is an Axon Like a Toilet? -- Synapses cause local changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential -- Spatial summation and temporal summation integrate synaptic inputs -- Synaptic Transmission Requires a Sequence of Events -- Action potentials cause the release of transmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft -- Receptor molecules recognize transmitters -- The action of synaptic transmitters is stopped rapidly -- Neural circuits underlie reflexes -- EEGs Measure Gross Electrical Activity of the Human Brain -- Electrical storms in the brain can cause seizures -- Researchers at work Surgical probing of the brain revealed a map of the body -- Signs & Symptoms: Multiple Sclerosis -- Chapter 3 Visual Summary -- ch. 4 The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology -- Electrical Signals Are Turned into Chemical Signals at Synapses -- Receptor proteins recognize transmitters and their mimics -- Many neurotransmitters have been identified -- Researchers at work The first transmitter to be discovered was acetylcholine -- Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain -- The most abundant excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are amino acids -- Four amine neurotransmitters modulate brain activity -- Many peptides function as neurotransmitters -- Some neurotransmitters are gases -- Drugs Fit Like Keys into Molecular Locks -- The effects of a drug depend on its dose -- Drug doses are administered in many different ways -- Repeated treatments can reduce the effectiveness of drugs -- Drugs Affect Each Stage of Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission -- Some drugs alter presynaptic processes -- Some drugs alter postsynaptic processes -- Drugs That Affect the Brain Can Be Divided into Functional Classes -- Psychoactive drugs may relieve severe symptoms -- Psychoactive drugs can affect conscious experience -- Drug Abuse Is Pervasive -- Several perspectives help us understand drug abuse -- Signs & Symptoms: Medical Interventions for Substance Abuse -- Chapter 4 Visual Summary -- ch. 5 The Sensorimotor System -- pt. I Sensory Processing and the Somatosensory System -- Receptor Cells Convert Sensory Signals into Electrical Activity -- Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical -- Sensory events are encoded as streams of action potentials -- Sensory neurons respond to stimuli falling in their receptive fields -- Receptors may show adaptation to unchanging stimuli -- Sometimes we need receptors to be quiet -- Successive Levels of the CNS Process Sensory Information -- Sensory cortex is highly organized -- Sensory brain regions influence one another and change over time -- pt. II Pain: The Body's Emergency Signaling System -- Human Pain Varies in Several Dimensions -- A Discrete Pain Pathway Projects from Body to Brain -- Peripheral receptors get the initial message -- Special neural pathways carry pain information to the brain -- Pain Control Can Be Difficult -- Analgesic drugs are highly effective -- Electrical stimulation can sometimes relieve pain -- Placebos effectively control pain in some people, but not all -- Activation of endogenous opioids relieves pain -- pt. III Movement and the Motor System -- Behavior Requires Movements That Are Precisely Programmed and Monitored -- A Complex Neural System Controls Muscles to Create Behavior -- Muscles and the skeleton work together to move the body -- Sensory feedback from muscles, tendons, and joints governs movement -- The spinal cord mediates "automatic" responses and receives inputs from the brain -- Motor cortex plans and executes movements---and more -- Researchers at work Mirror neurons in premotor cortex track movements in others -- Extrapyramidal systems regulate and fine-tune motor commands -- Damage to extrapyramidal systems impairs movement -- Signs & Symptoms: Hazards of Painlessness -- Chapter 5 Visual Summary -- ch. 6 Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell -- pt. I Hearing and Balance -- Box 6.1 The Basics of Sound -- Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing -- The external ear captures, focuses, and filters sound -- The middle ear concentrates sound energies -- The cochlea converts vibrational energy into neural activity -- Researchers at work Georg von Bekesy and the cochlear wave -- The hair cells transduce movements of the basilar membrane into electrical signals -- Auditory System Pathways Run from the Brainstem to the Cortex -- Our Sense of Pitch Relies on Two Signals from the Cochlea -- Brainstem Systems Compare the Ears to Localize Sounds -- The Auditory Cortex Specializes in Processing Complex Sound -- Deafness Is a Widespread Problem -- Signs & Symptoms: Restoring Auditory Stimulation in Deafness -- The Inner Ear Provides Our Sense of Balance -- Some Forms of Vestibular Excitation Produce Motion Sickness -- pt. II The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell -- The Human Tongue Detects Five Basic Chemical Tastes -- Tastes excite specialized receptor cells on the tongue -- The five basic tastes are signaled by specific sensors on taste cells -- Taste information is transmitted to several parts of the brain -- Chemicals in the Air Elicit Odor Sensations -- The sense of smell starts with receptor neurons in the nose -- Olfactory information projects from the olfactory bulbs to several brain regions -- Many vertebrates possess a vomeronasal system -- Chapter 6 Visual Summary -- ch. 7 Vision: From Eye to Brain -- The Visual System Extends from the Eye to the Brain -- The vertebrate eye acts in some ways like a camera -- Visual processing begins in the retina -- Photoreceptors respond to light by releasing less neurotransmitter -- Different mechanisms enable the eyes to work over a wide range of light intensities -- Acuity is best in foveal vision -- Neural signals travel from the retina to several brain regions -- The retina projects to the brain in a topographic fashion -- Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields -- Photoreceptors excite some retinal neurons and inhibit others -- Neurons in the retina and the LGN have concentric receptive fields -- Researchers at work Neurons in the visual cortex have varied receptive fields -- The hierarchical model is supplanted by a more efficient analysis -- Neurons in the visual cortex beyond area V1 have complex receptive fields and help identify forms -- Perception of visual motion is analyzed by a special system that includes cortical area V5 -- Color Vision Depends on Special Channels from the Retinal Cones through Cortical AreaV4 -- Color is created by the visual system -- Color perception requires receptor cells that differ in their sensitivities to different wavelengths -- Box 7.1 Most Mammalian Species Have Some Color Vision -- Some retinal ganglion cells and LGN cells show spectral opponency -- Some visual cortical cells and regions appear to be specialized for color perception -- The Many Cortical Visual Areas Are Organized into Two Major Streams -- Visual Neuroscience Can Be Applied to Alleviate Some Visual Deficiencies -- Impairment of vision often can be prevented or reduced --, Contents note continued: Increased exercise can restore function to a previously deprived or neglected eye -- Signs & Symptoms: Robot Eyes? -- Chapter 7 Visual Summary -- ch. 8 Hormones and Sex -- pt. I The Endocrine System -- Hormones Act in a Great Variety of Ways throughout the Body -- Researchers at work Our current understanding of hormones developed in stages -- Hormones are one of several types of chemical communication -- Hormones can be classified by chemical structure -- Hormones Act on a Wide Variety of Cellular Mechanisms -- Hormones initiate actions by binding to receptor molecules -- Box 8.1 Techniques of Modern Behavioral Endocrinology -- Hormones can have different effects on different target organs -- Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones -- The posterior pituitary releases two hormones directly into the bloodstream -- Posterior pituitary hormones can affect social behavior -- Feedback control mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones -- Hypothalamic releasing hormones govern the anterior pituitary -- Two anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on the gonads -- The gonads produce steroid hormones, regulating reproduction -- Hormonal and neural systems interact to produce integrated responses -- pt. II Reproductive Behavior -- Reproductive Behavior Can Be Divided into Four Stages -- Copulation brings gametes together -- Researchers at work Gonadal steroids activate sexual behavior -- The Neural Circuitry of the Brain Regulates Reproductive Behavior -- Estrogen and progesterone act on a lordosis circuit that spans from brain to muscle -- Androgens act on a neural system for male reproductive behavior -- Parental behaviors are governed by several sex-related hormones -- The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity -- Hormones play only a permissive role in human sexual behavior -- pt. III Sexual Differentiation and Orientation -- Genetic and Hormonal Mechanisms Guide the Development of Masculine and Feminine Structures -- Sex chromosomes direct sexual differentiation of the gonads -- Gonadal hormones direct sexual differentiation of the body -- Changes in sexual differentiation processes result in predictable changes in development -- Dysfunctional androgen receptors can block the masculinization of males -- Some people seem to change sex at puberty -- How should we define gender---by genes, gonads, genitals? -- Researchers at work Gonadal hormones direct sexual differentiation of behavior and the brain -- Early testicular secretions result in masculine behavior in adulthood -- Several regions of the nervous system display prominent sexual dimorphism -- Social influences also affect sexual differentiation of the nervous system -- Do Fetal Hormones Masculinize Human Behaviors in Adulthood? -- What determines a person's sexual orientation? -- Signs & Symptoms: Psychosocial Dwarfism -- Chapter 8 Visual Summary -- ch. 9 Homeostasis -- pt. I Principles of Homeostasis -- Homeostatic Systems Share Several Key Features -- Internal states are governed through negative feedback -- Redundancy is a feature of many homeostatic systems -- Behavioral mechanisms are crucial for homeostasis -- pt. II Fluid Regulation -- Water Moves between Two Major Body Compartments -- Two Internal Cues Trigger Thirst -- Hypovolemic thirst is triggered by a loss of water volume -- Osmotic thirst occurs when the extracellular fluid becomes too salty -- We don't stop drinking just because the throat and mouth are wet -- Water Balance Depends on the Regulation of Salt in the Body -- pt. III Food and Energy Regulation -- Nutrient Regulation Helps Prepare for Future Needs -- Insulin Is Essential for Obtaining, Storing, and Using Food Energy -- The Hypothalamus Coordinates Multiple Systems That Control Hunger -- Researchers at work Lesion studies showed that the hypothalamus is crucial for appetite -- Hormones from the body drive a hypothalamic appetite controller -- Other systems also play a role in hunger and satiety -- Obesity Is Difficult to Treat -- Eating Disorders Can Be Life-Threatening -- Signs & Symptoms: Fat-Busting Surgery -- Chapter 9 Visual Summary -- ch. 10 Biological Rhythms and Sleep -- pt. I Biological Rhythms -- Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity -- Circadian rhythms are generated by an endogenous clock -- The Hypothalamus Houses a Circadian Clock -- Researchers at work Transplants prove that the SCN produces a circadian rhythm -- In mammals, light information from the eyes reaches the SCN directly -- Circadian rhythms have been genetically dissected in flies and mice -- pt. II Sleeping and Waking -- Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages -- We do our most vivid dreaming during REM sleep -- Different species provide clues about the evolution of sleep -- Our Sleep Patterns Change across the Life Span -- Mammals sleep more during infancy than in adulthood -- Most people sleep appreciably less as they age -- Manipulating Sleep Reveals an Underlying Structure -- Sleep deprivation impairs cognitive functioning but does not cause insanity -- Box 10.1 Sleep Deprivation Can Be Fatal -- Sleep recovery may take time -- What Are the Biological Functions of Sleep? -- Sleep conserves energy -- Sleep enforces niche adaptation -- Sleep restores the body and brain -- Sleep may aid memory consolidation -- Some humans sleep remarkably little, yet function normally -- At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep -- Researchers at work The forebrain generates slow wave sleep -- The reticular formation wakes up the forebrain -- The pons triggers REM sleep -- A hypothalamic sleep center was revealed by the study of narcolepsy -- Sleep Disorders Can Be Serious, Even Life-Threatening -- Some minor dysfunctions are associated with sleep -- Insomniacs have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep -- Although many drugs affect sleep, there is no perfect sleeping pill -- Signs & Symptoms: REM Behavior Disorder -- Chapter 10 Visual Summary -- ch. 11 Emotions, Aggression, and Stress -- PARI I Emotional Processing -- Broad Theories of Emotion Emphasize Bodily Responses -- Do emotions cause bodily changes, or vice versa? -- Box 11.1 Lie Detector? -- Researchers at work Stanley Schachter proposed a cognitive interpretation of stimuli and visceral states -- Facial Expressions Suggest a Core Set of Emotions -- Facial expressions have complex functions in communication -- Facial expressions are mediated by muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathways -- How did emotion and emotional displays evolve? -- Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Emotions? -- Electrical stimulation of the brain can produce emotional effects -- Brain lesions also affect emotions -- The amygdala governs a fear circuit -- The two cerebral hemispheres process emotion differently -- Different emotions activate different regions of the human brain -- pt. II Aggression and Stress -- Neural Circuitry, Hormones, and Synaptic Transmitters Mediate Violence and Aggression -- Androgens seem to increase aggression -- Brain circuits mediate aggression -- The biopsychology of human violence is a topic of controversy -- Stress Activates Many Bodily Responses -- The stress response progresses in stages -- There are individual differences in the stress response -- Stress and emotions influence the immune system -- Why does stress suppress the immune system? -- Signs & Symptoms: Long-term consequences of childhood bullying -- Chapter 11 Visual Summary -- ch. 12 Psychopathology: The Biology of Behavioral Disorders -- The Toll of Psychiatric Disorders Is Huge -- Schizophrenia Is a Major Neurobiological Challenge in Psychiatry -- Schizophrenia is characterized by an unusual array of symptoms -- Schizophrenia has a heritable component -- Researchers at work An integrative model of schizophrenia emphasizes the interaction of multiple factors -- The brains of some patients with schizophrenia show structural and functional changes -- Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia -- Box 12.1 Long-Term Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs -- Depression Is the Most Prevalent Disorder of Mood -- Inheritance is an important determinant of depression -- The brain changes with depression -- A wide variety of treatments are available for depression -- Signs & Symptoms: Mixed Feelings about SSRIs -- Why do more females than males suffer from depression? -- Sleep characteristics change in affective disorders -- Scientists are still searching for animal models of depression -- In Bipolar Disorder, Mood Cycles between Extremes -- There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders -- Drug treatments provide clues to the mechanisms of anxiety -- In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Horrible Memories Won't Go Away -- In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Thoughts and Acts Keep Repeating -- Box 12.2 Tics, Twitches, and Snorts: The Unusual Character of Tourette's Syndrome -- Chapter 12 Visual Summary -- ch. 13 Memory, Learning, and Development -- pt. I Types of Learning and Memory -- There Are Several Kinds of Learning and Memory -- For patient H.M., the present vanished into oblivion -- Researchers at work Which brain structures are important for declarative memory? -- Damage to the mammillary bodies can also cause amnesia -- Brain damage can destroy autobiographical memories while sparing general memories -- Different Forms of Nondeclarative Memory Involve Different Brain Regions -- Different types of nondeclarative memory serve varyin functions -- Animal research confirms the various brain regions involved in different attributes of memory -- Brain regions involved in learning and memory: A summary -- Successive Processes Capture, Store, and Retrieve Information in the Brain -- Box 13.1 Emotions and Memory -- STM and LTM appear to be different processes -- Long-term memory has vast capacity but is subject to distortion -- pt. II Neural Mechanisms of Memory -- Memory Storage Requires Neuronal Remodeling --, and Contents note continued: Plastic changes at synapses can be physiological or structural -- Varied experiences and learning cause the brain to change and grow -- Invertebrate nervous systems show synaptic plasticity -- Classical conditioning relies on circuits in the mammalian cerebellum -- Synaptic Plasticity Can Be Measured in Simple Hippocampal Circuits -- NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors collaborate in LTP -- Is LTP a mechanism of memory formation? -- pt. III Development of the Brain -- Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes -- Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages -- Cell proliferation produces cells that become neurons or glial cells -- In the adult brain, newly born neurons aid learning -- The death of many neurons is a normal part of development -- An explosion of synapse formation is followed by synapse rearrangement -- Genes Interact with Experience to Guide Brain Development -- Genotype is fixed at birth, but phenotype changes throughout life -- Experience regulates gene expression in the developing and mature brain -- The Brain Continues to Change as We Grow Older -- Memory impairment correlates with hippocampal shrinkage during aging -- Alzheimer's disease is associated with a decline in cerebral metabolism -- Signs & Symptoms: Imaging Alzheimer's Plaques -- ch. 13 Visual Summary -- ch. 14 Attention and Consciousness -- pt. I Attention -- Attention Focuses Cognitive Processing on Specific Objects -- There are limits on attention -- Attention May Be Endogenous or Exogenous -- Researchers at work We can choose which stimuli we will attend to -- Box 14.1 Reaction-Time Responses, from Input to Output -- Some stimuli are hard to ignore -- We use visual search to make sense of a cluttered world -- The Electrical Activity of the Brain Provides Clues about Mechanisms of Attention -- Distinctive patterns of brain electrical activity mark voluntary shifts of attention -- Reflexive visual attention has its own electrophysiological signature -- Attention affects the activity of individual neurons -- Many Brain Regions Are Involved in Processes of Attention -- Two subcortical systems guide shifts of attention -- Several cortical areas are crucial for generating and directing attention -- Brain disorders can cause specific impairments of attention -- Signs & Symptoms: Difficulty with Sustained Attention Can Sometimes Be Relieved with Stimulants -- pt. II Consciousness -- Consciousness Is a Mysterious Product of the Brain -- Which brain regions are active when we are conscious? -- Some aspects of consciousness are easier to study than others -- Box 14.2 Building a Better Mind Reader -- The Frontal Lobes Govern Our Most Complex Behaviors -- Frontal lobe injury in humans leads to emotional, motor, and cognitive changes -- Box 14.3 Neuroeconomics Identifies Brain Regions Active during Decision Making -- Chapter 14 Visual Summary -- ch. 15 Brain Asymmetry, Spatial Cognition, and Language -- pt. I Cerebral Asymmetry -- The Left and Right Brains Are Different -- Disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres reveals their individual processing specializations -- The two hemispheres process information differently in the human brain -- Does the left hemisphere hear words and the right hemisphere hear music? -- How does handedness relate to brain asymmetry? -- Right-Hemisphere Damage Impairs Spatial Cognition -- Box 15.1 The Wada Test -- In prosopagnosia, faces are unrecognizable -- Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Damage -- Damage to a left anterior speech zone causes nonfluent (or Broca's) aphasia -- Damage to a left posterior speech zone causes fluent for Wernicke's) aphasia -- Widespread left-hemisphere damage can obliterate language capabilities -- Disconnection of language regions may result in specific verbal problems -- BOX 15.2 Studying Connectivity in the Living Brain -- Brain Mapping Helps Us Understand the Organization of Language in the Brain -- Cortical stimulation mapping shows localized functions within language areas -- Researchers at work Noninvasive stimulation mapping reveals details of the brain's language areas -- Functional neuroimaging technologies let us visualize activity in the brain's language zones during speech -- pt. II Speech and Language -- Some Aspects of Language Are Innate, but Others Must Be Learned -- Can nonhuman primates acquire language with training? -- Vocal behavior is a feature of many different species -- Reading Skills Are Difficult to Acquire and Frequently Impaired -- Brain damage may cause specific impairments in reading -- Some people struggle throughout their lives to read -- pt. III Recovery of Function -- Box 15.3 Contact Sports Can Be Costly -- Stabilization and Reorganization Are Crucial for Recovery of Function -- Rehabilitation and Retraining Can Help Recovery from Brain and Spinal Cord Injury -- Signs & Symptoms: The Amazing Resilience of a Child's Brain -- Chapter 15 Visual Summary.
Subject(s)
ISBN
9781605352763 paperback
1605352764 paperback
Bibliography Note
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
View MARC record | catkey: 16826764