Rules for writers / Diana Hacker, Nancy Sommers ; contributing ESL specialist Kimberli Huster
- Author
- Hacker, Diana, 1942-2004
- Published
- Boston : Bedford/St. Martin's, [2016]
- Edition
- Eighth edition, 2016 MLA update.
- Physical Description
- xxviii, 672 pages : illustrations ; 21 cm
- Additional Creators
- Sommers, Nancy I. and Huster, Kimberli
- Contents
- Machine generated contents note: The Writing Process -- 1.Exploring, planning, and drafting -- a.Assess the writing situation -- b.Explore your subject -- c.Draft and revise a working thesis statement -- d.Draft a plan -- e.Draft an introduction -- f.Draft the body -- g.Draft a conclusion -- h.Manage your files -- 2.Revising, editing, and reflecting -- a.See revision as a social process -- b.Use peer review: Revise with comments -- c.Use peer review: Give constructive comments -- d.Highlights of one student's peer review process -- Sample Rough Draft With Peer Comments -- e.Approach global revision in cycles -- f.Revise and edit sentences -- g.Proofread the final manuscript -- h.Sample student revision -- Sample Revised Literacy Narrative -- i.Prepare a portfolio; reflect on your writing -- 3.Building effective paragraphs -- a.Focus on a main point -- b.Develop the main point -- c.Choose a suitable pattern of organization -- d.Make paragraphs coherent -- e.If necessary, adjust paragraph length -- Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking -- 4.Reading and writing critically -- a.Read actively -- Sample Annotated Article -- b.Outline a text to identify main ideas -- c.Summarize to deepen your understanding -- d.Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading -- Writing Guide: Analytical Essay -- e.Sample student writing: Analysis of an article -- Sample Analysis Paper -- 5.Reading and writing about multimodal texts -- a.Read actively -- Sample Annotated Advertisement -- b.Outline to identify main ideas -- c.Summarize to deepen your understanding -- d.Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading -- e.Sample student writing: Analysis of an advertisement -- Sample Analysis of an Advertisement -- 6.Reading and writing arguments -- a.Distinguish between reasonable and fallacious argumentative tactics -- b.Distinguish between legitimate and unfair emotional appeals -- c.Judge how fairly a writer handles opposing views -- d.When writing arguments, consider purpose and context -- e.View your audience as a panel of jurors -- f.In your introduction, establish credibility and state your position -- g.Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument -- h.Support your claims with specific evidence -- i.Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments -- j.Build common ground -- k.Sample student writing: Argument -- Sample Argument Paper -- Writing Guide: Argument Essay -- 7.Speaking confidently -- a.Identify your purpose, audience, and context -- b.Prepare a presentation -- c.Focus on delivery -- d.Remix an essay for a presentation -- Clarity -- 8.Prefer active verbs -- a.Active versus passive verbs -- b.Active versus be verbs -- c.Subject that names the actor -- 9.Balance parallel ideas -- a.Parallel ideas in a series -- b.Parallel ideas presented as pairs -- c.Repetition of function words -- 10.Add needed words -- a.In compound structures -- b.that -- c.In comparisons -- d.a, an, and the -- 11.Untangle mixed constructions -- a.Mixed grammar -- b.Illogical connections -- c.is when, is where, and reason ... is because -- 12.Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers -- a.Limiting modifiers -- b.Misplaced phrases and clauses -- c.Awkwardly placed modifiers -- d.Split infinitives -- e.Dangling modifiers -- 13.Eliminate distracting shifts -- a.Point of view (person, number) -- b.Verb tense -- c.Verb mood, voice -- d.Indirect to direct questions or quotations -- 14.Emphasize key ideas -- a.Coordination and subordination -- b.Choppy sentences -- c.Ineffective or excessive coordination -- d.Ineffective subordination -- e.Excessive subordination -- f.Other techniques -- 15.Provide some variety -- a.Sentence openings -- b.Sentence structures -- c.Inverted order -- 16.Tighten wordy sentences -- a.Redundancies -- b.Unnecessary repetition -- c.Empty or inflated phrases -- d.Simplifying the structure -- e.Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words -- 17.Choose appropriate language -- a.Jargon -- b.Pretentious language, euphemisms, "doublespeak" -- c.Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English -- d.Levels of formality -- e.Sexist language -- f.Offensive language -- 18.Find the exact words -- a.Connotations -- b.Specific, concrete nouns -- c.Misused words -- d.Standard idioms -- e.Cliches -- f.Figures of speech -- Grammar -- 19.Repair sentence fragments -- a.Subordinate clauses -- b.Phrases -- c.Other fragmented word groups -- d.Acceptable fragments -- 20.Revise run-on sentences -- a.Revision with coordinating conjunction -- b.Revision with semicolon, colon, or dash -- c.Revision by separating sentences -- d.Revision by restructuring -- 21.Make subjects and verbs agree -- a.Standard subject-verb combinations -- b.Words between subject and verb -- c.Subjects joined with And -- d.Subjects joined with or, nor, either ... or, or neither ... nor -- e.Indefinite pronouns -- f.Collective nouns -- g.Subject following verb -- h.Subject, not subject complement -- i.who, which, and that -- j.Words with plural form, singular meaning -- k.Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases -- 22.Make pronouns and antecedents agree -- a.Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite pronouns, generic nouns) -- b.Collective nouns -- c.Antecedents joined with And -- d.Antecedents joined with or, nor, either ... or, or neither ... nor -- 23.Make pronoun references clear -- a.Ambiguous or remote reference -- b.Broad reference of this, that, which, and it -- c.Implied antecedents -- d.Indefinite use of they, it, and you -- e.who for persons, which or that for things -- 24.Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me -- a.Subjective case for subjects and subject complements -- b.Objective case for objects -- c.Appositives -- d.Pronoun following than or as -- e.we or us before a noun -- f.Subjects and objects of infinitives -- g.Pronoun modifying a gerund -- 25.Distinguish between who and whom -- a.In subordinate clauses -- b.In questions -- c.As subjects or objects of infinitives -- 26.Choose adjectives and adverbs with care -- a.Adjectives to modify nouns -- b.Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs -- c.good and well, bad and badly -- d.Comparatives and superlatives -- e.Double negatives -- 27.Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods in Standard English -- a.Irregular verbs -- b.lie and lay -- c.-s (or -es) endings -- d.-ed endings -- e.Omitted verbs -- f.Verb tense -- g.Subjunctive mood -- Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges -- 28.Verbs -- a.Appropriate form and tense -- b.Passive voice -- c.Base form after a modal -- d.Negative verb forms -- e.Verbs in conditional sentences -- f.Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives -- 29.Articles -- a.Articles and other noun markers -- b.When to use the -- c.When to use a or an -- d.When not to use a or an -- e.No articles with general nouns -- f.Articles with proper nouns -- 30.Sentence structure -- a.Linking verb between a subject and its complement -- b.A subject in every sentence -- c.Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same grammatical function -- d.Repeated subjects, objects, and adverbs in adjective clauses -- e.Mixed constructions with although or because -- f.Placement of adverbs -- g.Present participles and past participles as adjectives -- h.Order of cumulative adjectives -- 31.Prepositions and idiomatic expressions -- a.Prepositions showing time and place -- b.Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition -- c.Common adjective + preposition combinations -- d.Common verb + preposition combinations -- Punctuation -- 32.The comma -- a.Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc. -- b.Introductory elements -- c.Items in a series -- d.Coordinate adjectives -- e.Nonrestrictive and restrictive elements -- f.Transitions, parenthetical expressions, absolute phrases, contrasts -- g.Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections -- h.he said etc. -- i.Dates, addresses, titles, numbers -- j.To prevent confusion -- 33.Unnecessary commas -- a.Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses -- b.Between a verb and its subject or object -- c.Before the first or after the last item in a series -- d.Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective -- e.Before and after restrictive or parenthetical elements -- f.Before essential concluding adverbial elements -- g.After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence -- h.Other misuses -- 34.The semicolon -- a.Between independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction -- b.Between independent clauses linked with a transitional expression -- c.In a series containing internal punctuation -- d.Misuses -- 35.The colon -- a.Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation -- b.Conventional uses -- c.Misuses -- 36.The apostrophe -- a.Possessive nouns -- b.Possessive indefinite pronouns -- c.Contractions -- d.Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations, words as words -- e.Misuses -- 37.Quotation marks -- a.Direct quotations -- b.Quotation within a quotation -- c.Titles of short works -- d.Words as words -- e.With other punctuation marks -- f.Misuses -- 38.End punctuation -- a.The period -- b.The question mark -- c.The exclamation point -- 39.Other punctuation marks -- a.The dash -- b.Parentheses -- c.Brackets -- d.The ellipsis mark -- e.The slash -- Mechanics -- 40.Abbreviations -- a.Titles with proper names -- b.Familiar abbreviations -- c.Conventional abbreviations -- d.Units of measurement -- e.Latin abbreviations -- f.Plural of abbreviations -- g.Misuses -- 41.Numbers -- a.Spelling out -- b.Using numerals -- 42.Italics -- a.Titles of works -- b.Names of ships, spacecraft, and aircraft -- c.Foreign words -- d.Words as words, letters as letters, numbers as numbers -- 43.Spelling -- a.Spelling rules -- b.The dictionary -- c.Words that sound alike -- d.Commonly misspelled words -- 44.The hyphen -- a.Compound words -- b.Hyphenated adjectives -- c.Fractions and compound numbers -- d.With certain prefixes and suffixes -- and Contents note continued: e.To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters -- f.Word division -- 45.Capitalization -- a.Proper vs. common nouns -- b.Titles with proper names -- c.Titles and subtitles of works -- d.First word of a sentence -- e.First word of a quoted sentence -- f.First word after a colon -- Grammar Basics -- 46.Parts of speech -- a.Nouns -- b.Pronouns -- c.Verbs -- d.Adjectives -- e.Adverbs -- f.Prepositions -- g.Conjunctions -- h.Interjections -- 47.Sentence patterns -- a.Subjects -- b.Verbs, objects, and complements -- c.Pattern variations -- 48.Subordinate word groups -- a.Prepositional phrases -- b.Verbal phrases -- c.Appositive phrases -- d.Absolute phrases -- e.Subordinate clauses -- 49.Sentence types -- a.Sentence structures 392 b Sentence purposes -- Research -- 50.Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources -- a.Manage the project. -- b.Pose questions worth exploring. -- c.Map out a search strategy. -- d.Search efficiently; master a few shortcuts to finding good sources. -- e.Conduct field research, if appropriate. -- f.Write a research proposal. -- 51.Managing information; taking notes responsibly -- a.Maintain a working bibliography. -- b.Keep track of source materials. -- c.Take notes carefully to avoid unintentional plagiarism. -- 52.Evaluating sources -- a.Think about how sources might contribute to your writing. -- b.Select sources worth your time and attention. -- c.Select appropriate versions of online sources. -- d.Read with an open mind and a critical eye. -- e.Assess Web sources with care. -- f.Construct an annotated bibliography. -- Writing Guide: Annotated Bibliography -- Writing Papers in MLA Style -- 53.Supporting a thesis -- a.Form a working thesis. -- b.Organize your ideas. -- c.Use sources to inform and support your argument. -- d.Draft an introduction for your thesis. -- e.Draft the paper in an appropriate voice. -- 54.Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism -- a.Understand how the MLA system works. -- b.Avoid plagiarism when quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources. -- 55.Integrating sources -- a.Summarize and paraphrase effectively. -- b.Use quotations effectively. -- c.Use signal phrases to integrate sources. -- d.Synthesize sources. -- 56.Documenting sources in MLA style -- a.MLA in-text citations -- b.MLA list of works cited -- c.MLA information notes -- 57.MLA manuscript format; sample research paper -- a.MLA manuscript format -- b.Sample MLA research paper -- Writing Papers in APA Style -- 58.Supporting a thesis -- a.Form a working thesis. -- b.Organize your ideas. -- c.Use sources to inform and support your argument. -- 59.Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism -- a.Understand how the APA system works. -- b.Avoid plagiarism when quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing sources. -- 60.Integrating sources -- a.Summarize and paraphrase effectively. -- b.Use quotations effectively. -- c.Use signal phrases to integrate sources. -- d.Synthesize sources. -- 61.Documenting sources in APA style -- a.APA in-text citations -- b.APA list of works cited -- 62.APA manuscript format; sample paper -- a.APA manuscript format -- b.Sample APA research paper -- Appendixes -- A document design gallery -- Glossary of usage.
- Subject(s)
- ISBN
- 9781319083496 (spiral paperback)
1319083498 (spiral paperback) - Note
- Spiral bound.
- Bibliography Note
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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