Anson's law of contract / Sir Jack Beatson, DCL, LLD, FBA, A Lord Justice of Appeal, sometime Rouse Ball, Professor of English Law, University of Cambridge; Andrew Burrows, DCL, MA, LLM (Harvard), FBA, QC (HON), Professor of the Law of England and Fellow of All Souls College, University of Oxford; John Cartwright, BCL, MA, Professor of the Law of Contract, University of Oxford, Professor of Anglo-American Private Law, University of Leiden
- Author:
- Beatson, J.
- Uniform Title:
- Law of contract
- Additional Titles:
- Law of contract
- Published:
- Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, [2016]
- Edition:
- 30th edition.
- Physical Description:
- xcvii, 763 pages ; 25 cm
- Additional Creators:
- Burrows, Andrew S., Cartwright, John, 1957-, and Anson, William Reynell, Sir, 1843-1914
- Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.The Nature and Function of Contract -- a.Promise or Agreement -- b.Functions of Contract -- c.Freedom of Contract -- d.Sanctity of Contracts -- e.The Interest Protected by Contract -- 2.The History of Contractual Obligations in English Law -- a.The Early Actions -- b.Assumpsit -- c.Subsequent Developments -- 3.European and International Influences -- 4.The Content of Contract Law -- a.A Law of Contract or of Contracts -- b.Effect of Vitiating Factors -- 5.Contract as Part of the Law of Obligations -- a.Concurrence of Claims in Contract and Tort -- b.Contract and Unjust Enrichment -- 6.Contract and Property -- 2.The Agreement -- 1.Establishing an Agreement -- a.Offer and Acceptance -- b.The Test of Intention -- 2.The Offer -- a.Offers and Invitations to Treat -- b.General Offers -- c.Communication of the Offer -- 3.The Acceptance -- a.Offer and Acceptance Must Correspond -- b.Communication of the Acceptance -- c.Acceptor Must Have Knowledge of Offer -- d.Prescribed Mode of Acceptance -- e.Revocation of the Acceptance -- 4.Termination of the Offer -- a.Revocation of the Offer -- b.Rejection of the Offer -- c.Lapse of the Offer -- d.Effect of Death -- 5.Uncertain and Incomplete Agreements -- a.Certainty of Terms -- b.Incomplete Agreement -- 6.Intention to Create Legal Relations -- a.Social Engagements -- b.Family Arrangements -- c.Determining Intention -- 3.Form -- 1.Formal Requirements -- 2.Contracts by Deed -- a.How a Contract by Deed is Made -- b.When it is Essential to Contract by Deed -- 3.Contracts for Which Writing is Required -- a.Statutory Requirements of Writing -- b.Contracts of Guarantee -- c.Contracts for the Sale or Other Disposition of Land -- d.Electronic Contracts -- 4.Consideration And Promissory Estoppel -- 1.Consideration -- a.Consideration Defined -- b.Necessity for Consideration -- c.Executory and Executed Consideration -- d.Past Consideration -- e.Consideration Must Move from the Promisee -- f.Consideration Need Not be Adequate -- g.Consideration Must be Real -- h.Performance of, or Promise to Perform, an Existing Duty -- i.Discharge of a Debt -- j.Letters of Credit -- 2.Promissory Estoppel -- a.Emergence of Promissory Estoppel -- b.Scope of Promissory Estoppel -- c.Three Other Types of Estoppel -- 3.Appraisal of Consideration and Promissory Estoppel -- 5.The Terms Of The Contract -- 1.Terms, Collateral Warranties, and Representations -- a.Terms and Representations -- b.Collateral Warranties -- c.Extrinsic Evidence -- 2.Conditions, Warranties, and Innominate Terms -- a.Introduction -- b.Conditions -- c.Warranties -- d.Evaluation of the Ab Initio Classification of Terms -- e.Innominate Terms -- f.Distinguishing Innominate Terms and Conditions -- g.Loss of the Right of Discharge -- h.Part 1 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 -- 3.Implied Terms -- a.Terms Implied by the Courts and by Statute -- b.Terms Implied by the Courts -- c.Terms Implied by Statute -- d.Part 1 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015: Terms Treated as Included -- 4.Interpretation of Terms -- a.The Contextual Approach -- b.Particular Rules of Interpretation -- 6.Exemption Clauses And Unfair Terms -- 1.Standard Forms of Contract -- 2.Incorporation -- a.Signature -- b.Notice -- c.Course of Dealing -- 3.Interpretation of Exemption Clauses -- a.Strict Interpretation -- b.The 'Contra Proferentem' Rule -- c.Exclusion of Liability for Negligence -- d.Limitation Clauses -- e.'Fundamental' Terms and 'Fundamental Breach' -- 4.Other Common Law Rules Controlling Exemption Clauses -- a.Express Undertakings -- b.Misrepresentation or Fraud -- c.Reasonableness at Common Law? -- 5.Legislative Control of Exemption Clauses and Unfair Terms -- a.Exemption Clauses in Non-consumer Contracts: Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 -- b.Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts: Consumer Rights Act 2015 -- c.Other Legislative Controls on Exemption Clauses and Unfair Terms -- 7.Incapacity -- 1.Grounds of Contractual Incapacity -- 2.The Crown and Public Authorities -- a.The Crown -- b.Public Authorities -- 3.Corporations and Unincorporated Associations -- a.Corporations -- b.Unincorporated Associations -- 4.Minors -- a.Common Law: Introduction -- b.Contracts for Necessaries -- c.Voidable Contracts -- d.Other Contracts: Unenforceable Unless Ratified -- e.The Nature of the Liability of Minors -- f.Liability of Minors in Tort -- g.Liability of Minors in Unjust Enrichment -- h.Restitution in Favour of Minors -- i.Third Parties -- 5.Persons Lacking Mental Capacity and Drunken Persons -- 8.Mistake -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Categorizing Mistakes -- 3.Mistakes about the Terms of the Contract -- a.'Subjective' and 'Objective' Agreement in the Formation of a Contract -- b.The 'Objective Test' -- c.Mistake in Relation to a Written Document -- d.Equitable Remedies for Mistakes about the Terms -- 4.Mistakes about the Identity of the Person with Whom the Contract is Made -- a.An Offer can be Accepted only by the Person to whom it is Addressed -- b.The Need for an Identifiable Third Person -- c.Written Contracts -- d.Transactions Concluded in the Parties' Presence -- e.The Current State of the Law; Critique -- 5.Mistakes of Fact or Law about the Subject-Matter of the Contract or the Surrounding Circumstances -- a.Unilateral Mistakes of Fact or Law -- b.Common Mistakes of Fact or Law -- 9.Misrepresentation And Non-Disclosure -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Misrepresentation -- a.Puffs, Representations, and Terms -- b.Requirements for Relief for Misrepresentation -- c.Remedies for Misrepresentation: an Overview -- d.'Fraudulent', 'Negligent', and 'Innocent' Misrepresentations -- e.Rescission of the Contract -- f.Damages for Fraudulent Misrepresentation: the Tort of Deceit -- g.Damages for Negligent Misrepresentation: the Tort of Negligence or Section 2(1) Misrepresentation Act 1967 -- h.Exclusion and Limitation of Liability -- 3.Consumers' Rights to Redress under the Consumer Protection From Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 -- 4.Non-disclosure -- a.No General Duty to Disclose -- b.Particular Duties of Disclosure -- c.Duties of Disclosure Giving Rise to Rescission -- d.Contracts Between Those in a Fiduciary Relationship -- e.Liability in Tort for Non-Disclosure -- f.Statutory Duties of Disclosure -- g.The Future -- 10.Duress, Undue Influence, And Unconscionable Bargains -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Duress -- a.Nature of Duress -- b.Unlawful Pressure -- c.Duress Distinguished from Legitimate Renegotiation -- d.Threats of Lawful Action -- e.Rescission -- 3.Undue Influence -- a.Nature of Undue Influence -- b.Actual Undue Influence -- c.Presumed Undue Influence -- d.Rescission -- e.Undue Influence by a Third Party to the Contract -- 4.Unconscionable Bargains -- 5.Consumers' Rights to Redress under the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 -- 6.Inequality of Bargaining Power? -- 11.Illegality -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Statutory Illegality -- a.Express Prohibition: Contract Illegal -- b.Implied Prohibition: Contract Illegal -- c.Illegal Performance -- d.Statute Only Imposes a Penalty -- e.Void Contracts -- f.Contract Unenforceable by One Party -- g.Contract Not Void or Unenforceable -- 3.Illegality at Common Law -- a.Agreements to Commit a Crime or Civil Wrong, or to Perpetrate a Fraud -- b.Agreements which Injure the State in its Relations with Other States -- c.Agreements which Tend to Injure Good Government -- d.Agreements which Tend to Pervert the Course of Justice -- e.Agreements which Tend to Abuse the Legal Process -- f.Agreements which are Contrary to Good Morals -- g.Agreements which Affect the Freedom or Security of Marriage or the Due Discharge of Parental Duty -- h.Agreements which Oust the Jurisdiction of the Courts -- i.Agreements in Restraint of Trade -- 4.The Effect of Illegality -- a.The Fundamental Principle of Policy -- b.The Intention of the Parties and Enforceability of the Contract -- c.Contracts Unlawful 'per se' -- d.Benefit from Illegal Contracts -- e.Recovery of Money Paid or Property Transferred -- f.Collateral Transactions -- 5.Severance -- a.Introduction -- b.Public Policy -- c.Requirements -- d.Effect of Severance -- 12.Performance -- 1.Performance Must be Precise and Exact -- a.Standards of Contractual Duty -- b.Deviation from Contractual Terms -- 2.Time of Performance -- a.Stipulations as to Time at Common Law -- b.Stipulations as to Time in Equity -- c.Law of Property Act 1925, section 41 -- d.Mercantile Contracts -- 3.Place of Performance -- 4.Order of Performance -- 5.Payment -- a.Introduction -- b.Interbank Transfers -- c.Payment by Negotiable Instrument or Documentary Credit -- d.Payment by Credit or Charge Card -- 6.Vicarious Performance -- 7.Alternative Modes of Performance -- a.Contract Option -- b.Performance Option -- 8.Right of Party in Breach to Cure Bad or Incomplete Performance -- 9.Tender -- a.Tender of Acts -- b.Tender of Payment -- c.Early Tender -- 10.Partial Performance -- a.Entire and Divisible Obligations -- b.Doctrine of 'Substantial Performance' -- c.Acceptance of Partial Performance by Innocent Party -- d.Incontrovertible Benefit -- 13.Discharge By Agreement -- 1.Introduction -- a.Consideration Applies to Discharge -- b.Contracts Evidenced by Writing -- 2.Forms of Discharge by Agreement -- a.Release -- b.Accord and Satisfaction -- c.Rescission -- d.Variation -- e.Waiver -- f.Provisions for Discharge Contained in the Contract Itself -- 14.Discharge By Frustration -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Emergence of the Doctrine -- 3.Instances of Frustration -- a.Destruction of Subject-Matter of Contract -- b.Non-Occurrence of a Particular Event -- c.Death, or Incapacity for Personal Service -- d.Requisitioning of Ships and Interferences with Charterparties -- e.Sale and Carriage of Goods -- f.Building Contracts -- g.Change in the Law -- h.Performance of Only One Party Affected -- 4.The Theoretical Basis of Frustration -- a.Implied Term -- b.'Just and Reasonable Result' -- c.Foundation of the Contract -- and Contents note continued: d.Radical Change in the Obligation -- 5.Incidence of Risk -- a.Express Provision -- b.Foreseen Events -- c.Prevention of Performance in Manner Intended by One Party -- d.Delay -- e.Inflation -- 6.Self-Induced Frustration -- a.Choosing Between Different Contracts -- b.Negligent Acts -- 7.Leases and Contracts for the Sale of Land -- 8.Effects of Frustration -- a.Common Law -- b.Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 -- 15.Discharge By Breach -- 1.Discharge at Option of the Injured Party -- a.Effect of Unaccepted Repudiation -- b.Failure of Performance -- c.Affirmation of Contract -- d.Effect of Election to Accept Breach -- e.No Reason or Bad Reason for Claiming to be Discharged -- f.Consumer Sale and Supply Contracts: Interaction with Other Remedies -- 2.Forms of Breach which Justify Discharge -- a.Renunciation -- b.Impossibility Created by One Party -- c.Failure of Performance -- 3.Consequences of Discharge -- a.Release from Future Obligations -- b.Contract Not Rescinded Ab Initio -- c.Accrued Obligations Remain -- d.Restitutionary Claims -- 4.Loss of the Right of Discharge -- 16.Discharge By Operation Of Law -- 1.Merger -- a.Acceptance of Higher Security -- b.Rights Vesting in Same Person -- 2.Discharge by Judgment of a Court -- a.Effect of Bringing Action -- b.Effect of Judgment for Claimant -- c.Effect of Judgment for Defendant -- 3.Alteration or Cancellation of a Written Instrument -- a.Rule as to Alteration -- b.Bills of Exchange -- c.Cancellation and Loss -- 4.Bankruptcy -- 17.Damages -- 1.Damages and Other Remedies for Breach of Contract -- 2.Compensatory Nature of Damages -- a.Compensation for Loss -- b.Damages are Not Punitive -- c.Difficulty of Assessment No Bar -- d.The Date for Assessment -- e.Compensation for Inconvenience or Mental Distress -- f.Loss of Reputation -- 3.Basis of Assessment of Damages -- a.The 'Performance' or 'Expectation' Measure -- b.The Reliance Measure -- 4.Causation -- 5.Remoteness -- a.The Basic Two-Branched Rule -- b.The Impact of The Achilleas -- c.Should there be a Difference Between the Tests of Remoteness in Contract and Tort? -- d.Type of Damage -- e.Damage Arising in the Usual Course of Things -- f.Damage Reasonably Supposed to be in the Contemplation of the Parties -- 6.Mitigation -- a.Acting Reasonably -- b.Compensating Advantages may Reduce Damages -- 7.Assessment of Damages in Contracts for the Sale of Goods -- a.Non-Delivery -- b.Late Delivery -- c.Non-Acceptance -- d.Breach of Warranty -- 8.Claimant's Contributory Negligence -- a.No Apportionment at Common Law -- b.Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 -- 9.The Tax Element in Damages -- 10.Interest -- 11.Agreed Damages Clauses -- a.Liquidated Damages and Penalties -- b.Application of the Traditional Test -- c.Necessity for Breach -- d.Amounts Recoverable -- 18.Specific Remedies -- 1.Actions for the Agreed Sum -- 2.Specific Performance -- a.Adequacy of Damages -- b.Want of Mutuality -- c.Contracts of Personal Service -- d.Uncertainty -- e.Constant Supervision by the Court -- f.Conduct and Hardship -- g.Miscellaneous -- 3.Injunctions -- a.Prohibitory Injunctions -- b.Mandatory Injunctions -- 4.Equitable Damages -- 19.Restitutionary Awards -- 1.The Recovery of Money Paid -- a.Recovery by the Innocent Party -- b.Recovery by the Party in Breach -- 2.Restitution in Respect of Services or Goods -- a.Introduction -- b.Restitutionary Claims by the Innocent Party -- c.Quantum Meruit Compared with Damages -- d.Restitutionary Claims by the Party in Breach -- 3.An Account of Profits or Damages Measured by Benefit to Contract-Breaker -- a.Introduction -- b.Attorney-General v Blake -- c.Developments Since Attorney-General v Blake -- 20.Limitation Of Actions -- 1.Limitation Act 1980 -- a.The General Rule -- b.Persons Under a Disability -- c.Effect of Fraud, Concealment, and Mistake -- d.Acknowledgement and Part Payment -- e.Statute Bars Remedy Not Right -- 2.Bars to Equitable Relief: Laches -- a.The Statute Applied by Analogy -- b.Laches -- 21.Third Parties -- 1.Introduction -- 2.The Acquisition of Contractual Rights by Third Parties -- a.The Development of the Common Law Rule -- b.Remedies of the Promisee -- c.Rationale and Appraisal of the Common Law Rule -- d.The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 -- e.Assignment and Agency -- f.Trusts of Contractual Rights -- g.Miscellaneous Statutory Exceptions to Privity -- h.Contracts Concerning Land -- i.Contracts Giving Rise to Tortious Duties of Care to Third Parties -- j.Third Parties Taking the Benefit of Exemption Clauses -- k.Further Development of the Common Law -- 3.The Imposition of Contractual Liabilities upon Third Parties -- a.Introduction -- b.Covenants Concerning Land -- c.Contracts Concerning Chattels -- d.Exemption Clauses Binding Third Parties -- e.The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 -- 22.Assignment -- 1.Assignment -- a.No Assignment at Common Law -- b.Assignment in Equity: the Historical Background -- c.Assignment under the Law of Property Act 1925 -- d.Equitable Assignment -- e.Assignee Takes 'Subject to Equities' -- f.Priorities -- g.Rights Not Assignable -- h.Liabilities Cannot be Assigned -- 2.Vicarious Performance -- 3.Novation -- 4.Assignment by Operation of Law -- a.The Effect of Death -- b.Bankruptcy -- 23.Agency -- 1.Modes of Creation -- a.Actual Authority -- b.Ratification -- c.Ostensible Authority -- d.Usual Authority? -- 2.Effects of Agency -- a.The Contractual Relations Between the Principal and the Third Party -- b.The Contractual Relations Between the Agent and the Third Party.
- Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 9780198734789 (paperback)
0198734786 (paperback) - Note:
- "Table of statutes": pages xxiii-xxxi.
"Table of cases": pages xxxvi-xcii. - Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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