The foundation : the Roman legal profession -- Law without lawyers : the early Middle Ages -- The legal revival of the twelfth century -- Church courts, civil procedure, and the professionalization of law -- Pre-professional lawyers in twelfth-century church courts -- The formation of an educated elite : law schools and universities -- Attaining professional status -- Professional canon lawyers: advocates and proctors -- Judges and notaries -- The practice of canon law -- Rewards and hazards of the legal profession.