Industrial moisture and humidity measurement : a practical guide / Jan Wernecke and Roland Wernecke
- Author:
- Wernecke, Jan
- Published:
- [Place of publication not identified] : Wiley-VCH, 2014.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource
- Additional Creators:
- Wernecke, Roland
Access Online
- Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.1.Water as a Natural Resource -- 1.2.Physical and Chemical Properties of Water -- 1.2.1.The Water Molecule -- 1.2.2.Physical Properties -- 1.2.3.Chemical Properties -- 1.3.Significance of Water for Energy Conversion -- 1.4.General Terminology -- Further Reading -- 2.1.Terms in Humidity Measurement -- 2.1.1.Description of the Gas Water Vapor Pressure -- 2.1.2.Gas Temperature Definitions -- 2.1.3.The Psychrometric Equation -- 2.1.4.Definitions of Parameters Expressed in Amounts of Substance, Concentrations, and Ratios -- 2.1.5.Additional Terms and Definitions -- 2.2.Terms in Moisture Measurement in Solid and Liquid Materials -- 2.2.1.Types of Water Bonds in Solids and Liquids -- 2.2.1.1.Water in Solids -- 2.2.1.2.Water in Liquids -- 2.2.1.3.Surface Pores, Gradation, and Capillaries -- 2.2.2.Terms and Definitions of Moisture Measurement Parameters in Solids -- 2.2.3.Gas Humidity and Moisture in Solids -- 2.2.4.Terms and Definitions of Drying Process Parameters -- 2.2.5.Additional Terms and Definitions -- 2.3.Terms and Definitions in Measurement and Controlling Technology -- 2.3.1.Description of Sensors in Monitoring and Control Technology -- 2.3.2.Terms used in Control -- 2.3.3.Sensor Parameters -- 2.3.4.Measurement Uncertainty -- References -- Further Reading -- 3.1.Specialties of Solid and Liquid Materials -- 3.2.Contact and Noncontact Measurement Methods -- 3.3.Bonding Types of Water in Solid and Liquid Materials -- 3.4.Analogy Models -- References -- Further Reading -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Measurement of Electrical and Magnetic Properties -- 4.2.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.2.2.Low-Frequency Method -- 4.2.2.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.2.2.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.2.3.High-Frequency Method -- 4.2.3.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.2.3.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.2.4.Microwave Method -- 4.2.4.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.2.4.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.2.5.Radar Method -- 4.2.5.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.2.5.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.2.5.3.Specialties -- 4.3.Measurement of Water Vapor Pressure in Gases -- 4.3.1.Metal Oxide Sensors -- 4.3.1.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.1.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.1.3.Principal Application -- 4.3.2.Quartz Microbalance -- 4.3.2.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.2.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.2.3.Principal Application -- 4.3.3.Psychrometer -- 4.3.3.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.3.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.3.3.Mathematical Description of Psychrometers -- 4.3.4.Capacitive Polymer Sensors -- 4.3.4.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.4.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.4.3.Specialties -- 4.3.5.Dew Point Mirror -- 4.3.5.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.5.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.6.Zirconium Oxide Devices -- 4.3.6.1.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.7.Measurements Based on Geometric Changes of Natural and Artificial Materials -- 4.3.7.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.7.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.3.7.3.Technical Implementation of Hygrometers with Size-Varying Material -- 4.3.8.Resistive Sensors -- 4.3.8.1.Physical Principle -- 4.3.8.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.4.Water Content Measurements Using Chemical Methods -- 4.4.1.Coulometric Measurement -- 4.4.1.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.4.1.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.4.1.3.Specialties -- 4.4.2.Calcium Carbide -- 4.4.2.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.4.2.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.4.3.Calcium Hydride -- 4.4.3.1.Measurement Principle -- 4.4.3.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.4.4.Karl Fischer Titration -- 4.4.4.1.Principle -- 4.4.4.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.4.4.3.Applications -- 4.4.5.Humidity Indicator -- 4.4.5.1.Principle -- 4.4.5.2.Technical Realization -- 4.4.5.3.Applications -- 4.5.Measurement of the Optical Properties of Water and Water Vapor -- 4.5.1.Measurements in the Infrared Spectral Range -- 4.5.1.1.Physical Principle -- 4.5.1.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.5.1.3.Measurement in Liquids -- 4.5.1.4.Measurement in Opaque Materials -- 4.5.2.Measurement in the UV Range -- 4.5.2.1.Technical Implementation -- 4.5.3.Measurement with Optical Fibers -- 4.5.3.1.Physical Principle -- 4.5.3.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.5.4.Measurement of Mie Scattering by Water Droplets -- 4.5.4.1.Physical Principle -- 4.5.4.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.5.5.Holographic Measurement of Water Droplets -- 4.5.5.1.Physical Principle -- 4.5.5.2.Digital Holography -- 4.5.5.3.Technical Implementation -- 4.6.Measurement of Acoustic Properties of Water Vapor -- 4.6.1.Physical Principle -- 4.6.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.7.Measurement of Suction Pressure in Solid Materials -- 4.7.1.Tensiometry -- 4.7.1.1.Physical Principle -- 4.7.1.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.7.2.Gypsum Block Method -- 4.7.2.1.Physical Principle -- 4.7.2.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.7.2.3.Special Designs -- 4.8.Measurement of Nuclear Properties of Water -- 4.8.1.Neutron Measurement -- 4.8.1.1.Physical Principle -- 4.8.1.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.8.2.Devices Based on Gamma Radiation -- 4.8.2.1.Physical Principle -- 4.8.2.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.9.Nudear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 4.9.1.Physical Principle -- 4.9.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.10.Thermogravimetry -- 4.10.1.Physical Principle -- 4.10.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.10.2.1.Heat Sources -- 4.10.2.2.Drying with Desiccants -- 4.10.2.3.Oven Drying Method -- 4.11.Measurement of the Thermal Properties of Solids -- 4.11.1.Physical Principle -- 4.11.2.Technical Implementation -- 4.11.3.Measurement of Water Movement -- 4.11.4.Moisture Measurement in Insulating Materials -- 4.12.Nanostructured Measurement Devices -- 4.12.1.Contact Methods -- 4.12.2.Noncontact Methods -- 4.12.3.Nanometrology -- References -- Further Reading -- 5.1.Assessment of the Measurement Task -- 5.1.1.Defining the Goal of a Measurement -- 5.1.2.Conditions at the Measurement Location -- 5.2.Evaluation of Different Measurement Methods -- 5.2.1.Selection Strategies -- 5.2.2.Evaluation According to the Application -- 5.2.2.1.Other Moisture and Humidity Measurement Methods -- 5.3.Selection of Hardware -- 5.3.1.Comparison of Measurement Equipment -- 5.3.2.Cost Calculation -- 5.3.3.Determining Material-Specific Parameters -- 5.3.3.1.Laboratory Measurements -- 5.3.3.2.Measurement Under Real Production Conditions -- Further Reading -- 6.1.Metrological Terminology -- 6.1.1.Measurand -- 6.1.2.Accuracy -- 6.1.3.Precision -- 6.1.4.Reproducibility -- 6.1.5.Repeatability -- 6.1.6.Systematic Error -- 6.1.7.Random Error -- 6.1.8.Measurement Uncertainty -- 6.1.9.Calibration -- 6.1.10.Adjustment -- 6.1.11.Measurement Standard (Etalon) -- 6.1.12.Reference Standard -- 6.1.13.Reference Material -- 6.1.14.Industrial Standard -- 6.2.Moisture and Humidity Metrology -- 6.2.1.Calibration Case Studies -- 6.3.Typical Terms in Industrial Applications -- References -- 7.1.Agriculture and Horticulture -- 7.1.1.Water Content in Soil and Agricultural Substrates -- 7.1.1.1.Bonding of Water in Soil Substrate -- 7.1.1.2.Measurement of Soil Moisture -- 7.1.2.Moisture in Agricultural Products -- 7.1.2.1.Grain -- 7.1.3.Climate Control Equipment in Agriculture and Horticulture -- 7.1.4.Wetting and Dewing of Fruits and Leaves -- 7.1.4.1.Wetting of Plantations -- 7.1.4.2.Wetting Measurement Directly at the Plant -- 7.1.5.Measurement of Product Freshness -- 7.2.Waste Management -- 7.2.1.Measurement in Recycling Products -- 7.2.1.1.Moisture in Biofilters -- 7.2.1.2.Moisture in Compost -- 7.2.2.Moisture Measurement in Incinerator Flue Gas -- 7.2.2.1.Techniques for Dew Point Measurement in Acids -- 7.3.Measurement of Weather Conditions -- 7.3.1.Electronic Recording Devices for Outdoor Climate Measurements -- 7.3.1.1.Measurement of Snow Moisture -- 7.3.2.Meteorological Stations for Specialized Applications -- 7.3.3.Evaluation of Road Conditions -- 7.3.3.1.Road Conditions in Winter -- 7.3.3.2.Measurement of Relevant Road Condition Parameters -- 7.3.4.Humidity Measurement at High Altitude -- 7.3.4.1.Airplane Equipment for Humidity Measurement -- 7.3.4.2.High-Altitude Humidity Measurement from the Ground -- References -- Further Reading -- 8.1.Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.1.Water Activity as a Parameter in the Food Industry -- 8.1.2.Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.1.Static Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.2.Dynamic Water Activity Measurement -- 8.1.2.3.Cryostatic aw Measurement -- 8.1.3.Sorption Isotherms -- 8.1.3.1.Measurement of Sorption Isotherms -- 8.1.3.2.Surface Water -- 8.1.4.Reference Methods -- 8.2.Food Processing -- 8.2.1.Moisture Measurement in Meat and Sausage Products -- 8.2.1.1.Evaluation of Measurement Methods -- 8.2.1.2.Product Monitoring -- 8.2.2.Production Control -- 8.2.2.1.Inspection of Incoming Goods -- 8.2.2.2.Influence of the Ambient Climate -- 8.2.2.3.Moisture Measurement During Particular Stages of Processing -- 8.3.Monitoring and Control of Production Stages in the Food Industry -- 8.3.1.Moisture Measurement and Control During Coffee Production -- 8.3.1.1.Coffee Roasting -- 8.3.1.2.Interim Storage in a Silo -- 8.3.1.3.Milling Process -- 8.3.1.4.Packaging Process -- 8.3.2.Moisture Measurement During Smoking and Baking Processes -- 8.3.2.1.Specialties -- 8.3.2.2.Monitoring of Baking Parameters -- 8.4.Storage and Transport of Food -- 8.4.1.Storage Conditions -- 8.4.1.1.Characterization of Storage Conditions for Different Food Products -- 8.4.1.2.Large Warehouses -- 8.4.1.3.Energy-Efficient Storage -- 8.4.2.Special Climate Conditions -- 8.4.2.1.Maturation of Cheese and Meat -- 8.4.2.2.Controlled and Modified Atmosphere -- 8.4.2.3.Controlling Humidity during Sea and Land Transport -- 8.4.2.4.Humidity Measurement in Packaging -- References -- Further Reading -- 9.1.Humidity Measurement Under Extreme Conditions -- 9.1.1.Measurement at High Temperatures -- 9.1.1.1.Humidity Measurement at High Temperatures (Up to 200°C) -- 9.1.1.2.Humidity Measurement at Extremely High Temperatures (Above 300°C) -- 9.1.1.3.Sensor Installation and Sampling -- and Contents note continued: 9.1.2.Aggressive Components in the Gas Flow -- 9.1.2.1.Systems with Self-Monitoring and Sensor Checks for Inline Trace Humidity Measurement -- 9.1.2.2.Measurement in Corrosive or Highly Contaminated Environments -- 9.1.2.3.Detection of Leakages in Cooling Systems -- 9.1.3.Measurement at High Pressure -- 9.2.Moisture Measurement During Running Production Processes -- 9.2.1.Continuous Measurement in Silos, Pipes, and on Conveyor Belts -- 9.2.1.1.Guidelines for the Selection of a Measurement Method -- 9.2.1.2.Cross-Sensitivities and Compensation During Measurement -- 9.2.1.3.Measurement in Pipes -- 9.2.2.Determination of Residual Moisture at the Inner Walls of Hoses and Tubes -- 9.2.2.1.Measurement Methods -- 9.2.2.2.Measurement Station for the Determination of Residual Water in Tubes -- 9.2.3.Water Content Measurement in Coarse Materials -- 9.2.3.1.Sample Extraction Systems for Bulk Materials -- 9.2.3.2.Moisture Measurement in Coal and Ore -- 9.2.3.3.Control of Mixing Processes -- 9.3.Moisture Measurement in the Automotive and Aircraft Construction Industries -- 9.3.1.Measurement in Oil and Fuel Systems -- 9.3.2.Automotive Components Made from Renewable Raw Materials and Plastics -- 9.3.3.Measurement in Fast-Moving Gases During Injection and Ignition Processes -- 9.3.3.1.Calibration of the Measurement Setup -- 9.3.4.Detection of Moisture in Insulation Layers -- 9.3.4.1.Tightness Tests -- 9.4.Moisture and Humidity Measurement in Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Optics -- 9.4.1.Trace Humidity Measurement in Electronic Components -- 9.4.2.Monitoring of Transformers and Switching Stations -- 9.4.3.Switch Stations -- 9.4.3.1.Suppression of Condensation Inside Switch Stations -- Reference -- Further Reading -- 10.1.Moisture Measurement in Plastic Granules and Powders -- 10.1.1.Detection of Low Water Content in the Laboratory -- 10.1.1.1.Karl Fischer Titrator -- 10.1.1.2.Gas Chromatography -- 10.1.1.3.Thermogravimetry -- 10.1.1.4.Combined Methods -- 10.1.1.5.Calcium Hydride Method -- 10.1.2.Inline Measurement of Powders and Granules with Low Moisture Content -- 10.1.2.1.Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH) -- 10.1.2.2.Quasi-Continuous Measurement -- 10.1.3.Inline Measurement of Powders and Granules in the High Moisture Range -- 10.1.3.1.Selection of a Measurement Method -- 10.1.3.2.Determination of Cross-Sensitivities -- 10.2.Drying of Solid Materials -- 10.2.1.Goals of Drying -- 10.2.2.Principles of Drying -- 10.2.2.1.Thermal Drying -- 10.2.2.2.Vacuum Drying -- 10.2.2.3.Freeze-Drying -- 10.2.2.4.Chemical Drying -- 10.2.2.5.Selection of a Drying Principle -- 10.2.3.Monitoring and Control of Drying Processes -- 10.3.Storage of Moisture-Sensitive Products -- 10.3.1.Monitoring of Warehouses and Manufacturing Facilities -- 10.3.2.Storage of Samples in a Dry Environment -- 10.3.2.1.Desiccants -- 10.3.2.2.Membrane Dryers -- 10.4.Inline Measurement in Nonaqueous Fluids -- 10.4.1.Sensor Modifications -- 10.4.2.Moisture Measurement in Oil and Fuel -- References -- Further Reading -- 11.1.Random Test Measurements and Inspection of Goods -- 11.1.1.Paper Properties and the Climate of the Surrounding Environment -- 11.1.2.Influence of Moisture on Paper Properties -- 11.1.3.Quality Control by Random Test Measurements -- 11.1.3.1.Nonmoving Goods -- 11.1.3.2.Moving Goods -- 11.1.3.3.Laboratory Measurements -- 11.2.Continuous Measurement of Paper and Fabric Webs -- 11.2.1.Moving Cardboard -- 11.2.2.Moisture Measurement on Moving Filaments -- 11.2.3.Film Thickness Measurements of Water-Color Mixture Layers -- 11.3.Storage and Transport of Paper and Textiles -- 11.3.1.Climate Control of Production Facilities and Storerooms -- 11.3.2.Transport of Hygroscopic Materials -- References -- Further Reading -- 12.1.Moisture Measurement in Aggregates -- 12.1.1.Measurement in Silos and on Conveyor Belts -- 12.1.1.1.Measurement Using Neutrons -- 12.1.1.2.Optical Measurement -- 12.1.1.3.High-Frequency Measurement -- 12.1.2.Manufacture of Prefabricated Elements -- 12.1.2.1.Furniture Boards -- 12.1.2.2.Drying and Firing of Building Material -- 12.2.Measurement on Buildings and Brickwork -- 12.2.1.Calcium Carbide Method -- 12.2.2.Thermogravimetry -- 12.2.3.Neutron Measurement -- 12.2.4.Electromagnetic Methods -- 12.2.5.Equilibrium Relative Humidity -- 12.2.6.Measurement of Thermal Properties -- 12.2.6.1.Infrared Thermography -- 12.2.6.2.Measurement of Thermal Conductivity -- 12.2.6.3.Temperature Measurement Using Optical Fibers -- 12.2.7.Other Methods -- 12.2.7.1.Radar Measurement -- 12.2.7.2.Infrared Reflectometry -- 12.2.7.3.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 12.3.Climate Control in Rooms and Buildings -- 12.3.1.Apartments and Workplaces -- 12.3.1.1.Humidity Measurement -- 12.3.2.Museums and Exhibition Showrooms -- 12.3.3.Climate Control in Closed Chambers and Small Rooms -- 12.3.3.1.Air Humidifying -- 12.3.3.2.Dehumidifying of Air -- 12.3.4.Rooms Containing Electrical Systems -- Further Reading -- 13.1.Laboratory Measurement Stations for Humidity and Moisture Measurement -- 13.1.1.Climate Chambers -- 13.1.2.Gas Mixing Systems for Trace Humidity Measurement -- 13.1.3.Laboratory Measurement Station for Moisture Measurement -- 13.1.3.1.Measurement Station for Liquid and Solid Materials -- 13.1.3.2.Measurement of Trace Moisture in Solid Materials -- 13.1.4.Measurement Station to Determine the Water Vapor Permeability of Foils -- 13.2.Generation of Gases with a Defined Humidity -- 13.2.1.Humidification and Drying of Gas Flows -- 13.2.1.1.Complete Humidification of a Gas Flow -- 13.2.1.2.Gas Humidification by Permeation -- 13.2.1.3.Humidification by Capillary Diffusion -- 13.2.1.4.Humidification by Continuous Injection -- 13.2.2.Humidity Generators -- 13.2.2.1.Two-Pressure Humidity Generator -- 13.2.2.2.Two-Temperature Humidity Generator -- 13.2.2.3.Gas Mixing Humidity Generator -- 13.2.2.4.Coulometric Humidity Generator -- 13.2.3.Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions -- 13.2.3.1.Saturated Solutions -- 13.2.3.2.Unsaturated Salt Solutions -- 13.2.3.3.Other Solutions -- 13.3.Humidity Measurement in Medical Applications -- 13.3.1.Specialties of Clinical Applications -- 13.3.2.Humidity Measurement in Respiratory Air -- 13.3.2.1.The Respiration Process in Humans -- 13.3.2.2.Self-Regulating Systems for the Humidification of Respiratory Air -- 13.3.2.3.Humidity Measurement in Respiratory Air -- 13.3.3.Humidity Measurement on the Skin -- 13.3.4.Applications in Medical Supply Technology -- 13.3.4.1.Incubator -- 13.3.4.2.Gas Supply System -- 13.3.4.3.Room Climate Control -- 13.3.4.4.Sterilization -- References -- Further Reading -- 14.1.Model Representations of the Formation and Distribution of Water -- 14.1.1.Interactions between the Surface and the Atmosphere -- 14.1.1.1.Water at Low Temperatures -- 14.1.1.2.Soil Water -- 14.1.1.3.Formation of a Water Cycle -- 14.1.2.Simulation of a Planetary Atmosphere -- 14.2.Measurement Methods in Aerospace -- 14.2.1.Remote Sensing -- 14.2.2.Measurements on Planetary Surfaces -- 14.2.3.Ground-Based Measurement Methods -- 14.2.4.Testing and Calibration of Aerospace Technology in the Laboratory -- 14.3.Requirements for Measurement Equipment in the Aerospace Industry -- 14.3.1.General Climatic Conditions during Operation -- 14.3.2.Technical Requirements of Measurement Equipment -- 14.3.2.1.Integration into the Overall System -- 14.3.2.2.Requirements for Operation -- 14.3.3.Technical Specifications of Selected Sensors for Spaceflight Applications -- 14.3.4.Concept of a Combined Measurement Sensor -- 14.3.4.1.Variation of Measurement Techniques -- 14.3.4.2.Combined Probe for Extraterrestrial Soil Moisture Measurements -- 14.3.5.Combined Probe for Extraterrestrial Atmospheric Humidity Measurements -- References -- Further Reading -- A.1.Basic Units of the International System of Units (SI System) -- A.2.Conversion of Units -- A.3.Conversion of Units (Material Properties) -- A.4.Conversion of Units (Thermodynamic) -- B.1.Mollier Diagram -- B.2.Details of Mollier Diagram -- B.3.Calculation of Pressure Dew Point -- B.4.Water Vapor Over Water -- B.5.Water Vapor Over Ice -- B.6.Psychrometer Charts -- B.7.Correlation Between Relative Humidity, Dew Point and Temperature -- C.1.Relevant Constants -- C.2.Parameters of Dry Air -- C.3.Parameters of Water, Water Vapor, Ice -- C.4.Parameter of Carbon Dioxide -- C.5.Other Parameters -- D.1.Specific Electric Resistance of Different Materials -- D.2.Relative Permittivity of Different Insulators -- D.3.Spectral Lines of Different Chemical Elements -- D.4.Density of Various Solid Materials -- D.5.Heat of Evaporation of Different Gases -- D.6.Cooling Temperature of Common Coolants -- E.1.Sorption Isotherm of Wood Fiber -- E.2.Sorption Isotherm of Grinded Natural Stone -- E.3.Sorption Isotherm of Soot -- E.4.Sorption Isotherm of Flour -- E.5.Sorption Isotherm of Freeze-Dried Coffee Powder -- E.6.Sorption Isotherm of Milled Coffee Beans -- E.7.Sorption Isotherm of Paper -- E.8.Storing Conditions of Fruit and Vegetables -- E.9.Storing Conditions of Fruit and Vegetables Under Controlled Atmosphere.
- Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 9783527652433 (electronic bk.)
3527652434 (electronic bk.)
9783527331772
3527331778
9783527652440 (e-book)
3527652442 (e-book)
9783527652426 (mobi)
3527652426 (mobi)
9783527652419 (o-Book)
3527652418 (o-Book) - Note:
- Written by experts with over 20 years of experience in the field, this one-stop guide covers all aspects, including both the theory and a wealth of practical know-how. As such, it includes guidelines on the installation, realization of standards for absolute and relative humidity, verification and traceability measurements, equipment calibration methods and the latest research developments. As a result, the scientist or engineer has all the information required for accurate, reliable, economically viable and efficient moisture measurement. Backed by numerous case studies, this practical book serves the needs of those working in the industry tasked with performing or developing new techniques and processes for moisture and humidity measurements.
Title from resource description page (Recorded Books, viewed March 10, 2014). - Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
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