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Human biology : concepts and current issues / Michael D. Johnson

Author:
Johnson, Michael D., 1948-
Published:
[Boston] : Pearson, [2017]
Copyright Date:
©2017
Edition:
Eighth edition.
Physical Description:
1 volume (various pagings) : color illustrations ; 28 cm

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Contents:
Machine generated contents note: Current Issue Mandatory Childhood Vaccinations -- 1.1.The characteristics of life -- 1.2.How humans fit into the natural world -- Living things are grouped according to their characteristics -- The defining features of humans -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Human biology can be studied on any level of biological organization -- 1.3.Science is both a body of knowledge and a process -- The scientific method is a process for testing ideas -- Health & Wellness The Growing Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria -- Designing and conducting the experiment -- Making the findings known -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- A well-tested hypothesis becomes a theory -- 1.4.Sources of scientific information vary in style and quality -- 1.5.Learning to be a critical thinker -- Become a skeptic -- Learn how to read graphs -- Appreciate the value of statistics -- Distinguish anecdotes from scientific evidence -- Separate facts from conclusions -- Understand the difference between correlation and causation -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 1.6.The role of science in society -- Science improves technology and the human physical condition -- Science has limits -- The importance of making informed choices -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements[—]Safe and Effective? -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 2.1.All matter consists of elements -- Atoms are the smallest functional units of an element -- Isotopes have a different number of neutrons -- Free radicals have unpaired electrons -- 2.2.Atoms combine to form molecules -- Energy fuels life's activities -- Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules -- Living organisms contain only certain elements -- 2.3.Life depends on water -- Water is the biological solvent -- Water is a liquid at body temperature -- Water helps regulate body temperature -- Water participates in chemical reactions -- 2.4.The importance of hydrogen ions -- Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept them -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- The pH scale expresses hydrogen ion concentration -- Buffers minimize changes in pH -- 2.5.The organic molecules of living organisms -- Carbon is the common building block of organic molecules -- Macromolecules are synthesized and broken down within the cell -- 2.6.Carbohydrates: used for energy and structural support -- Monosaccharides are simple sugars -- Oligosaccharides: more than one monosaccharide linked together -- Polysaccharides store energy -- 2.7.Lipids: insoluble in water -- Triglycerides are energy-storage molecules -- Phospholipids are the primary component of cell membranes -- Health & Wellness Radon: A Known Cancer Risk -- Steroids are composed of four rings -- 2.8.Proteins: complex structures constructed of amino acids -- Protein function depends on structure -- Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions -- 2.9.Nucleic acids store genetic information -- 2.10.ATP carries energy -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue The Use of Human Stem Cells -- 3.1.Cells are classified according to their internal organization -- Eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles -- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and organelles -- 3.2.Cell structure reflects cell function -- Cells remain small to stay efficient -- Visualizing cells with microscopes -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 3.3.Internal structures carry out specific functions -- The nucleus controls the cell -- Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis -- The endoplasmic reticulum is the manufacturing center -- The Golgi apparatus refines, packages, and ships -- Vesicles: membrane-bound storage and shipping containers -- Mitochondria provide energy -- Fat and glycogen: sources of energy -- 3.4.Cells have structures for support and movement -- The cytoskeleton supports the cell -- Cilia and flagella are specialized for movement -- Centrioles are involved in cell division -- 3.5.A plasma membrane surrounds the cell -- The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer -- 3.6.Molecules cross the plasma membrane in several ways -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Passive transport: principles of diffusion and osmosis -- Passive transport moves with the concentration gradient -- Active transport requires energy -- Endocytosis and exocytosis move materials in bulk -- Information can be transferred across the plasma membrane -- The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain cell volume -- Health & Wellness Do Antioxidant Supplements Slow the Rate of Cellular Aging? -- Isotonic extracellular fluid also maintains cell volume -- 3.7.Cells use and transform matter and energy -- Glucose provides the cell with energy -- Glycolysis: glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules -- Cellular respiration uses oxygen -- Fats and proteins are additional energy sources -- Anaerobic pathways make energy available without oxygen -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Reshaping Your Body -- 4.1.Tissues are groups of cells with a common function -- 4.2.Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and cavities -- Epithelial tissues are classified according to cell shape -- The basement membrane provides structural support -- 4.3.Connective tissue supports and connects body parts -- Fibrous connective tissues provide strength and elasticity -- Specialized connective tissues serve special functions -- Health & Wellness Suntans, Smoking, and Your Skin -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 4.4.Muscle tissues contract to produce movement -- Skeletal muscles move body parts -- Cardiac muscle cells activate each other -- Smooth muscle surrounds hollow structures -- 4.5.Nervous tissue transmits impulses -- 4.6.Organs and organ systems perform complex functions -- The human body is organized by organ systems -- Tissue membranes line body cavities -- Describing body position or direction -- 4.7.The skin as an organ system -- Skin has many functions -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Skin consists of epidermis and dermis -- 4.8.Multicellular organisms must maintain homeostasis -- Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback -- Negative feedback helps maintain core body temperature -- Positive feedback amplifies events -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue A Black Market in Human Bones? -- 5.1.The skeletal system consists of connective tissue -- Bones are the hard elements of the skeleton -- Bone contains living cells -- Ligaments hold bones together -- Cartilage lends support -- 5.2.Bones develop from cartilage -- 5.3.Mature bone undergoes remodeling and repair -- Bones can change in shape, size, and strength -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Bone cells are regulated by hormones -- Bones undergo repair -- 5.4.Bones fit together to form the skeleton -- The axial skeleton forms the midline of the body -- The appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs -- 5.5.Joints form connections between bones -- Joints vary from immovable to freely movable -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Health & Wellness Treating a Sprained Ankle -- Ligaments, tendons, and muscles strengthen and stabilize joints -- 5.6.Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system -- Osteoporosis is caused by excessive bone loss -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Sprains mean damage to ligaments -- Bursitis and tendinitis are caused by inflammation -- Arthritis is inflammation of joints -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Drug Abuse Among Athletes -- 6.1.Muscles produce movement or generate tension -- The fundamental activity of muscle is contraction -- Skeletal muscles cause bones to move -- A muscle is composed of many muscle cells -- The contractile unit is a sarcomere -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 6.2.Individual muscle cells contract and relax -- Nerves activate skeletal muscles -- Activation releases calcium -- Calcium initiates the sliding filament mechanism -- When nerve activation ends, contraction ends -- Muscles require energy to contract and to relax -- Producing and storing energy within muscle -- Health & Wellness Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness -- 6.3.Muscles vary in movement, force, and endurance -- Isotonic versus isometric contractions: movement versus static position -- The degree of nerve activation influences force -- Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus strength -- Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and endurance -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 6.4.Cardiac and smooth muscles have special features -- How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated -- Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments -- Speed and sustainability of contraction -- 6.5.Diseases and disorders of the muscular system -- Muscular dystrophy -- Tetanus -- Muscle cramps -- Pulled muscles -- Fasciitis -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Should You Bank Your Baby's Cord Blood? -- 7.1.The composition and functions of blood -- Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes -- Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide -- Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying capacity -- All blood cells and platelets originate from stem cells -- RBCs have a short life span -- RBC production is regulated by a hormone -- White blood cells defend the body -- Platelets are essential for blood clotting -- 7.2.Hemostasis: stopping blood loss -- Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow -- Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- A blood clot forms around the platelet plug -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 7.3.Human blood types -- ABO blood typing is based on A and B antigens -- Rh blood typing is based on Rh factor -- Blood typing and cross-matching ensure blood compatibility -- New tests make transfused blood safer -- 7.4.Blood substitutes -- Health & Wellness Donating Blood -- 7.5.Blood disorders -- Mononucleosis: contagious viral infection of lymphocytes -- Blood poisoning: bacterial infection of blood -- Anemia: reduction in blood's oxygen-carrying capacity -- Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white blood cells -- Multiple myeloma: uncontrolled production of plasma cells -- Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue How Should Comparative Effectiveness Research Be Used? --, Contents note continued: 8.1.Blood vessels transport blood -- Arteries transport blood away from the heart -- Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow -- Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances with tissues -- The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume -- Veins return blood to the heart -- 8.2.The heart pumps blood through the vessels -- The heart is mostly muscle -- The heart has four chambers and four valves -- The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular system -- Arteries and veins of the human body -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes -- Heart sounds reflect closing heart valves -- The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction -- Electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 8.3.Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls -- Measuring blood pressure -- Hypertension: high blood pressure can be dangerous -- Health & Wellness Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis -- Hypotension: when blood pressure is too low -- 8.4.How the cardiovascular system is regulated -- Baroreceptors maintain arterial blood pressure -- Local requirements dictate local blood flows -- Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac output -- 8.5.Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue -- Angina: chest pain warns of impaired blood flow -- Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue -- Heart failure: the heart becomes less efficient -- Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel -- Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain -- 8.6.Replacing a failing heart -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 8.7.Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue An Outbreak of Ebola -- 9.1.Pathogens cause disease -- Bacteria: single-celled living organisms -- Viruses: tiny infectious agents -- Prions: infectious proteins -- Transmissibility, mode of transmission, and virulence determine health risk -- 9.2.The lymphatic system defends the body -- Lymphatic vessels transport lymph -- Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph -- The spleen cleanses blood -- Thymus gland hormones cause T lymphocytes to mature -- Tonsils protect the throat -- 9.3.Keeping pathogens out: the first line of defense -- Skin: an effective deterrent -- Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin -- 9.4.Nonspecific defenses: the second line of defense -- The complement system assists other defense mechanisms -- Phagocytes engulf foreign cells -- Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain -- Natural killer cells target tumors and virus-infected cells -- Interferons interfere with viral reproduction -- Fever raises body temperature -- 9.5.Specific defense mechanisms: the third line of defense -- The immune system targets antigens -- Lymphocytes are central to specific defenses -- B cells: antibody-mediated immunity -- The five classes of antibodies -- An antibody's structure enables it to bind to a specific antigen -- T cells: cell-mediated immunity -- 9.6.Immune memory creates immunity -- Health & Wellness The Case for Breast Milk -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 9.7.Medical assistance in the war against pathogens -- Active immunization: an effective weapon against pathogens -- Passive immunization can help against existing or anticipated infections -- Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created for commercial use -- Antibiotics combat bacteria -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 9.8.Tissue rejection: a medical challenge -- 9.9.Inappropriate immune system activity causes health problems -- Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system -- Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self -- 9.10.Immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS -- HIV targets helper T cells of the immune system -- HIV is transmitted in body fluids -- AIDS develops slowly -- The AIDS epidemic: a global health issue -- Risky behaviors increase your chances of getting AIDS -- Making sex safer -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- New treatments offer hope -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue The Fight over Regulation of E-Cigarettes -- 10.1.Respiration takes place throughout the body -- 10.2.The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts -- The upper respiratory tract filters, warms, and humidifies air -- The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 10.3.The process of breathing involves a pressure gradient -- Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it -- Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung function -- 10.4.Gas exchange and transport occur passively -- Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- External respiration: the exchange of gases between air and blood -- Internal respiration: the exchange of gases with tissue fluids -- Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules -- Most CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate -- 10.5.The nervous system regulates breathing -- A respiratory center establishes rhythm of breathing -- Chemical receptors monitor CO2, H+, and O2 levels -- We can exert some conscious control -- 10.6.Disorders of the respiratory system -- Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory function -- Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders -- Health & Wellness Carbon Monoxide: An Invisible, Odorless Killer -- Lung cancer is caused by proliferation of abnormal cells -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Exposure to asbestos can lead to mesothelioma -- Pneumothorax and atelectasis: a failure of gas exchange -- Congestive heart failure impairs lung function -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Head Trauma in Young Athletes -- 11.1.The nervous system has two principal parts -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 11.2.Neurons are the communication cells of the nervous system -- 11.3.Neurons initiate action potentials -- Sodium-potassium pump maintains resting potential -- Graded potentials can initiate an action potential -- Action potentials are all-or-none and self-propagating -- 11.4.Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons -- 11.5.Information is transferred from a neuron to its target -- Neurotransmitter is released -- Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects -- Postsynaptic neurons integrate and process information -- 11.6.The PNS relays information between tissues and the CNS -- Nerves carry signals to and from the CNS -- Sensory neurons provide information to the CNS -- The somatic division controls skeletal muscles -- The autonomic division controls automatic body functions -- The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose each other -- 11.7.The brain and spinal cord constitute the CNS -- Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS -- The spinal cord relays information -- 11.8.The brain processes and acts on information -- The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions -- The midbrain: vision, hearing, and sleep/wakefulness -- The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought -- 11.9.Memory involves storing and retrieving information -- 11.10.Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain functions -- 11.11.Disorders of the nervous system -- Trauma -- Infections -- Brain tumors: abnormal growths -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Health & Wellness Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries -- Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue DWD: Driving While Distracted -- 12.1.Receptors receive and convert stimuli -- Receptors are classified according to stimulus -- The CNS interprets nerve impulses based on origin and frequency -- Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Somatic sensations and special senses provide sensory information -- 12.2.Somatic sensations arise from receptors throughout the body -- The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors -- Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length, and tension -- Thermoreceptors detect temperature -- Pain receptors signal discomfort -- 12.3.Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors -- Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved substances -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants -- 12.4.Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves -- The outer ear channels sound waves -- The middle ear amplifies sound -- The inner ear sorts and converts sounds -- 12.5.The inner ear plays an essential role in balance -- Sensing rotational movement -- Sensing head position and acceleration -- 12.6.Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli -- Structure of the eye -- Regulating the amount of light and focusing the image -- Eyeball shape affects focus -- Light is converted into action potentials -- Rods and cones respond to light -- Health & Wellness LASIK to Correct Vision Problems -- Rods provide vision in dim light -- Cones provide color vision and accurate images -- Visual receptors adapt -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 12.7.Disorders of sensory mechanisms -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment -- 13.1.The endocrine system produces hormones -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 13.2.Hormones are classified as steroid or nonsteroid -- Steroid hormones enter target cells -- Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell membranes -- Some hormones participate in negative feedback loops -- 13.3.The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland -- The posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin -- The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones -- Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion -- 13.4.The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin -- 13.5.The adrenal glands comprise the cortex and medulla -- The adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids -- The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine -- 13.6.Thyroid and parathyroid glands -- The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular metabolism -- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) controls blood calcium levels -- 13.7.Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones -- Testes produce testosterone -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone -- 13.8.Other glands and organs also secrete hormones -- Thymus gland hOrmones aid the immune system -- The pineal gland secretes melatonin --, Contents note continued: Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, and the kidneys -- 13.9.Other chemical messengers -- Histamine is important in inflammation -- Prostaglandins: local control of blood flow -- Nitric oxide has multiple functions -- Growth factors regulate tissue growth -- 13.10.Disorders of the endocrine system -- Diabetes mellitus: inadequate control of blood sugar -- Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland -- Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland -- Health & Wellness Dealing with Diabetes: Prevention or Treatment? -- Addison's disease: too little cortisol and aldosterone -- Cushing's syndrome: too much cortisol -- Hypogonadism: too little testosterone -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Choosing Organic Versus Conventional Foods -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 14.1.The digestive system brings nutrients into the body -- The walls of the GI tract are composed of four layers -- Five basic processes accomplish digestive system function -- Two types of motility aid digestive processes -- 14.2.The mouth processes food for swallowing -- Teeth bite and chew food -- The tongue positions and tastes food -- Saliva begins the process of digestion -- 14.3.The pharynx and esophagus deliver food to the stomach -- 14.4.The stomach stores food, digests protein, and regulates delivery -- Gastric juice breaks down proteins -- Stomach contractions mix food and push it forward -- 14.5.The small intestine digests food and absorbs nutrients and water -- 14.6.Accessory organs aid digestion and absorption -- The pancreas secretes enzymes and NaHCO, -- The liver produces bile and performs many other functions -- The gallbladder stores bile until needed -- 14.7.The large intestine absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 14.8.How nutrients are absorbed -- Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then absorbed -- Lipids are broken down, then reassembled -- Water is absorbed by osmosis -- Health & Wellness Should You Drink Raw Milk? -- Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths -- 14.9.Nerves and hormones regulate digestion -- 14.10.Nutrition: you are what you eat -- ChooseMyPlate.gov offers a personalized approach -- Carbohydrates: a major energy source -- Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources -- Complete proteins contain every amino acid -- Vitamins are essential for normal function -- Minerals: elements essential for body processes -- Fiber benefits the colon -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 14.11.Food labels -- 14.12.Energy balance -- Energy balance, body weight, and physical activity -- Healthy weight improves overall health -- Obesity -- 14.13.Eating disorders -- 14.14.Disorders of the digestive system -- Disorders of the GI tract -- Disorders of the accessory organs -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue A Shortage of Kidneys -- 15.1.The urinary system regulates body fluids -- The kidneys regulate water levels -- The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other solutes -- 15.2.Organs of the urinary system -- Ureters transport urine to the bladder -- Urinary bladder stores urine -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- The urethra carries urine from the body -- 15.3.The internal structure of a kidney -- Special blood vessels supply the tubule -- 15.4.Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion -- Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries -- Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to blood -- Tubular secretion removes other substances from blood -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 15.5.Producing diluted or concentrated urine -- Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water -- Producing concentrated urine: conserving water -- 15.6.Urination depends on a reflex -- 15.7.The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many ways -- ADH regulates water balance -- Aldosterone regulates salt balance -- The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume and blood pressure -- Atrial natriuretic hormone protects against blood volume excess -- Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood pH -- Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood cells -- Kidneys activate vitamin D -- 15.8.Disorders of the urinary system -- Kidney stones can block urine flow -- Health & Wellness Water Intoxication -- Urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria -- Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Dialysis cleanses the blood artificially -- Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal failure -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Would You Like a Boy or a Girl? -- 16.1.The male reproductive system delivers sperm -- Testes produce sperm -- Accessory glands help sperm survive -- Sperm production requires several cell divisions -- Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity -- 16.2.The female reproductive system produces eggs and supports pregnancy -- Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones -- The uterus nurtures the developing embryo -- The vagina: organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal -- Mammary glands nourish the infant -- 16.3.The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian and uterine cycles -- The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released -- The uterine cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy -- Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual cycle -- 16.4.Human sexual response, intercourse, and fertilization -- The male sexual response -- The female sexual response -- Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg -- 16.5.Birth control methods: controlling fertility -- Abstinence: not having intercourse -- Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal ligation -- Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, and rings -- IUDs are inserted into the uterus -- Diaphragms and cervical caps block the cervix -- Chemical spermicides kill sperm -- Condoms trap ejaculated sperm -- Withdrawal and periodic abstinence -- Pills that can be used after intercourse -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Elective abortion -- The future in birth control -- 16.6.Infertility: inability to conceive -- Infertility can have many causes -- Enhancing fertility -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 16.7.Sexually transmitted diseases -- Bacterial STDs: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia -- Viral STDs: HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and genital herpes -- Health & Wellness Have You Had Your Gardasil? -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Other STDs: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic lice -- Protecting yourself against STDs -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Therapeutic Cloning -- 17.1.The cell cycle creates new cells -- 17.2.DNA structure and function: an overview -- Replication: copying DNA before cell division -- Mutations are alterations in DNA -- Mechanisms of DNA repair -- Transcription: converting a gene's code into mRNA -- Translation: making a protein from RNA -- 17.3.Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two -- Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell -- Cytokinesis divides one cell into two identical cells -- Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell -- Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction -- Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg -- 17.4.How cell reproduction is regulated -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 17.5.Environmental factors influence cell differentiation -- Differentiation during early development -- Differentiation later in development -- 17.6.Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated cell -- Embryo splitting produces identical offspring -- Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an adult -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 17.7.Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and organs -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Preventive Double Mastectomy to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk -- 18.1.Tumors can be benign or cancerous -- 18.2.Cancer cells undergo structural and functional changes -- A pattern of changes leading to a lack of control -- Cancer stages -- 18.3.Factors contributing to cancer development -- Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer -- A variety of factors can lead to cancer -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- The immune system plays an important role in cancer prevention -- 18.4.Advances in diagnosis enable early detection -- Tumor imaging: X-rays, PET, and MRI -- Genetic testing can identify mutated genes -- Enzyme tests may detect cancer markers -- 18.5.Cancer treatments -- Conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Magnetism and photodynamic therapy target malignant cells -- Immunotherapy promotes immune response -- "Starving" cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis -- Molecular treatments target defective genes -- 18.6.The ten deadliest cancers -- Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor -- Cancers of colon and rectum: tests can detect them early -- Breast cancer: early detection pays off -- Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early enough -- Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 -- Health & Wellness What If You Could Save Someone's Life? -- Leukemia: chemotherapy is often effective -- Lymphoma: cancers of lymphoid tissues -- Urinary bladder cancer: surgery is often successful if done early -- Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases -- Cancer of the uterus: unusual uterine bleeding is major symptom -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 18.7.Some other notable cancers -- Kidney cancers -- Skin cancer -- Ovarian cancer -- Testicular cancer -- 18.8.Most cancers could be prevented -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Should You Have Genetic Tests for Disease Risks? -- 19.1.Your genotype is the genetic basis of your phenotype -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 19.2.Genetic inheritance follows certain patterns -- Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of inheritance -- Mendel established the basic principles of genetics -- Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles -- Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for different traits -- 19.3.Incomplete dominance and codominance -- Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype --, and Contents note continued: Codominance: both gene products are equally expressed -- Health & Wellness Cystic Fibrosis -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 19.4.Other factors influencing inheritance patterns and phenotype -- Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many genes -- Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype -- Linked alleles may or may not be inherited together -- 19.5.Sex-linked inheritance -- Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex chromosomes -- Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex genes -- 19.6.Alterations in chromosome number or structure -- Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21 -- Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Deletions and translocations alter chromosome structure -- 19.7.Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles -- Phenylketonuria is caused by a missing enzyme -- Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction -- Huntington disease is caused by a dominant-lethal allele -- 19.8.Genes code for proteins, not for specific behaviors -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Genetically Modified Plants -- 20.1.DNA sequencing reveals the structure of DNA -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 20.2.DNA can be cloned in the laboratory -- Recombinant DNA technology: isolating and cloning genes -- Cloning DNA fragments: the polymerase chain reaction -- Health & Wellness DNA-Based Vaccines Against Viruses -- Identifying the source of DNA: DNA fingerprinting -- 20.3.Genetic engineering creates transgenic organisms -- Transgenic bacteria have many uses -- Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest resistance -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Transgenic animals: a bigger challenge -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 20.4.Gene therapy: the hope of the future? -- Gene therapy must overcome many obstacles -- Vectors transfer genes into human cells -- Success with SCID gives hope -- Research targets cystic fibrosis and cancer -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Death with Dignity (Brittany Maynard's Journey) -- 21.1.Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite -- The journeys of egg and sperm -- One sperm fertilizes the egg -- Twins may be fraternal or identical -- 21.2.Developmental processes: cleavage, growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis -- 21.3.Pre-embryonic development: the first two weeks -- 21.4.Embryonic development: weeks three to eight -- Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers -- Extra-embryonic membranes -- The placenta and umbilical cord -- The embryo develops rapidly -- 21.5.Gender development -- 21.6.Fetal development: nine weeks to birth -- Months three and four -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Months five and six -- Months seven through nine -- 21.7.Birth and the early postnatal period -- Labor ends in delivery -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of a baby -- The transition from fetus to newborn -- Lactation produces milk to nourish the newborn -- 21.8.Maturation: from birth to adulthood -- The neonatal period: a helpless time -- Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ systems -- Childhood: continued development and growth -- Adolescence: the transition to adulthood -- Health & Wellness Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques -- 21.9.Aging -- What causes aging? -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Body systems age at different rates -- Aging well -- 21.10.Death -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Who Were the Flores People? -- 22.1.The evidence for evolution -- The fossil record: incomplete but valuable -- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more evidence -- Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between molecules -- Biogeography: the impact of geographic barriers and continental drift on evolutionary processes -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 22.2.Natural selection contributes to evolution -- Random mutations underlie evolution -- Natural selection encourages changes in the gene pool -- Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations -- Mass extinctions eliminated many species -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Evolutionary trees trace relationships between species -- 22.3.In the beginning, Earth was too hot for life -- 22.4.The first cells lived without oxygen -- Organic molecules formed from atmospheric gases -- Self-replicating RNA and DNA formed -- The first living cells were anaerobic -- 22.5.Photosynthesis altered the course of evolution -- Aerobic organisms evolved -- The rise of animals and our human ancestors -- 22.6.Humans share a common ancestor with primates -- Humans are primates -- Evolution of Homo Sapiens -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Differences within the human species -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Overharvesting Is Depleting the Oceans' Wildlife Populations -- 23.1.Ecosystems: living organisms and their environment -- 23.2.The dynamic nature of populations -- Where a species lives: habitat and range -- Population growth rate tends toward biotic potential -- Environmental resistance limits biotic potential -- Invasive species alter the ecological balance -- 23.3.Communities: different species living together -- Overlapping niches foster competition -- Succession leads toward a mature community -- Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment -- 23.4.Energy flows through living organisms -- Producers capture and convert energy, consumers rely on stored energy -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- A food web: interactions among producers and consumers -- The lower levels of an ecological pyramid support consumer populations -- Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids -- 23.5.The matter (material) comprising living organisms is recycled -- The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical cycles -- The carbon cycle: organisms exchange CO2 with the atmosphere -- Nitrogen: an essential component of nucleic acids and proteins -- Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 23.6.Human population growth -- Zero population growth has not yet been achieved -- Population age structure is linked to economic development -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Current Issue Global Warming and Global Climate Change -- 24.1.Pollutants impair air quality -- Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global warming -- CFCs deplete the ozone layer -- Pollutants produce acid rain -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Smog blankets industrial areas -- 24.2.Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies -- Water is scarce and unequally distributed -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- Urbanization increases storm water runoff -- Human activities pollute freshwater -- Groundwater pollution may impair human health -- Oil pollution and garbage are damaging oceans and shorelines -- 24.3.Pollution and overuse damage the land -- 24.4.Energy: many options, many choices -- MJ's BlogInFocus -- 24.5.Environmental change and loss of biodiversity -- Humans alter and destroy habitats -- Urbanization is a major force for environmental change -- Biodiversity is healthy for humans, too -- 24.6.Toward sustainable development -- Measuring sustainability and quality of life -- Strategies to support sustainable development -- MJ's BlogInFocus.
Subject(s):
Genre(s):
ISBN:
9780134042435 (student edition) and 0134042433 (student edition)
Note:
Includes index. and Description based on surrogate.
Bibliography Note:
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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