Assessment as information gathering -- Analyzing tests : the case of dictation -- Conflicting purposes of assessment -- The role of background knowledge in the assessment of receptive skills -- A cloze-knit family -- Another dilemma : contrasting pairs of concepts -- Some useful statistical tools -- The correlation family -- Multiple-choice tests and item analyses -- Measuring meaning : dictocomps and strip stories -- Eliciting speech samples in role plays -- Three approaches to scoring writing samples -- "Alternative" assessments : performance tests and portfolios -- Self-assessment in language learning.