Thomas Hobbes and the perils of pluralism -- John Locke, toleration, and sectarianism -- Reappraising the Scottish moralists and civil society -- Edmund Burke's defense of civil society -- John Stuart Mill and the ambivalence of liberal pluralism -- Alexis de Tocqueville and the perils of pluralism revisited -- Michael Oakeshott and the transformational (im)possibilities of the liberal state -- F. A. Hayek and the limits of liberal constitutionalism -- Conclusion: Liberal neutrality, purposive community, and the logic of contemporary pluralism.