Basic x-ray scattering for soft matter / Wim H. de Jeu

Author:: Jeu, W. H. de (Wilhelmus Hendrikus), 1943-
Published:: Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2016.
Edition:: First edition.
Physical Description:: 1 online resource : illustrations (black and white)

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Contents:

Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction and Overview -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.2.Generation of x-rays -- 1.3.Scattering by a single electron -- 1.4.Scattering of a plane wave -- 1.5.Absorption of x-rays -- 1.6.Reflection and refraction of x-rays -- 1.7.Coherent properties of x-rays -- 1.8.X-ray, neutron, and light scattering -- 2.Basic Scattering by Particles -- 2.1.Scattering by complex systems -- 2.1.1.Atoms, molecules, and crystal lattices -- 2.1.2.Scattering geometry and Ewald sphere -- 2.1.3.Scattering and Fourier transformation -- 2.2.Diffraction of model scattering distributions -- 2.2.1.Diffraction of a `top-hat' distribution -- 2.2.2.Diffraction from spherical objects -- 2.3.Atoms and molecules---Solutions -- 2.3.1.Particles at low resolution---Form factor -- 2.3.2.Guinier regime -- 2.3.3.Porod regime -- 2.4.Case study: Modelling SAXS of non-interacting particles -- 2.5.Extension to simple liquids---Structure factor -- 3.Order/Disorder in Soft Matter -- 3.1.Short-range order -- 3.2.Long-range order -- 3.3.Orientational and positional order in liquid crystals -- 3.3.1.The nematic phase -- 3.3.2.The smectic-A phase -- 3.4.Order and dimensionality -- 3.4.1.Fluctuations at low dimensions -- 3.4.2.Two-stage melting in two dimensions -- 3.5.Case study: Order in smectic membranes -- 4.Diffraction Physics: Scattering by Crystals -- 4.1.Elements of crystallography -- 4.1.1.Different types of lattice -- 4.1.2.Lattice planes and Miller indices -- 4.2.Diffraction by a crystal lattice -- 4.2.1.Bragg law -- 4.2.2.Introducing reciprocal space -- 4.2.3.Lattice sum and scattering conditions -- 4.3.Miscellaneous properties of crystal scattering -- 4.3.1.Debye--Waller factor -- 4.3.2.Mosaic spread -- 4.3.3.Line width and average domain size -- 4.3.4.Polycrystalline diffraction -- 4.4.Case study: Polymer crystallization -- 4.4.1.Example 1: Polyethylene (PE) -- 4.4.2.Example 2: Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) -- 4.4.3.Degree of crystallization -- 4.4.4.The onset of crystallization -- 5.Applications to Soft Matter -- 5.1.Instrumentation, SAXS, and WAXS -- 5.2.Examples -- 5.2.1.Liquid crystal phases -- 5.2.2.Colloids -- 5.2.3.Amphiphilic compounds -- 5.2.4.Biomembranes -- 5.2.5.Block copolymers -- 5.3.Case study: Bridging length scales---Order and frustration -- 5.3.1.Confined crystallization in block copolymers -- 5.3.2.Liquid crystalline block copolymers -- 5.3.3.Liquid crystalline dendrimers -- 6.Soft Matter Films and Surfaces -- 6.1.Reflectivity at a single interface -- 6.1.1.Fresneltheory -- 6.1.2.Practical aspects: Scanning, footprint, and roughness -- 6.1.3.Examples of soft interfaces -- 6.2.Multiple interfaces: Soft matter films -- 6.2.1.Uniform films -- 6.2.2.Multilayers: Recursive formalism -- 6.2.3.Example 1: Monolayers of fluorinated alkanes -- 6.2.4.Example 2: Lamellar diblock copolymer films -- 6.3.Grazing incidence diffraction -- 6.3.1.Surface freezing of alkyl monolayers -- 6.3.2.Controlled orientations in a smectic block copolymer film -- 6.4.Case study: Monolayer structure of substituted thiophenes.

Summary:

X-ray scattering is a well-established technique in materials science. The aim of this text is to explain basic principles and applications of x-ray scattering in a simple way using many practical examples followed by more elaborate case studies. It contains a separate chapter on the different types of order/disorder in soft matter that play such an important role in modern self-assembling systems. Finally the last chapter treats soft matter surfaces and thin film that are increasingly used in coatings and in many technological applications, such as liquid crystal displays and nanostructured block copolymer films.

Subject(s):

ISBN:

9780191795442 (ebook)

Audience Notes:

Specialized.

Note:

This edition previously issued in print: 2016.

Bibliography Note:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

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