Machine generated contents note: pt. ONE OPEN LANDS -- 1.1803 to 1837 -- 2.1838 to 1867 -- pt. TWO CLOSED LANDS -- 3.1868 to 1872 -- 4.1872 to 1875 -- 5.1875 to 1881 -- pt. THREE DIVIDED LANDS -- 6.1882 to 1892 -- 7.1893 to 1903 -- Epilogue.
Summary
During the nineteenth century, Americans sought the cultural transformation and the physical displacement of American Indian nations. Native people resisted these efforts. Though this process is often understood as a clash of rival economic systems or racial ideologies, it was also a profound spiritual struggle. The conflict over Indian Country sparked crises for both Natives and Americans. In the end, the experience of intercultural encounter and conflict over land produced religious transformations on both sides. This work focuses on Kiowa Indians during Americans' hundred-year effort to acquire, explore, and seize their homeland between 1803 and 1903.