The Shah's last years (1977-79) --2. The 'Spring of Freedom' (1979) -- 3. The battle for Kayhan and the demise of Ayandegan -- 4. War, reconstruction, and the revival of journalism (1980-96) -- 5. The second 'Spring of Freedom' (1997-2000) -- 6. The second fall (2001-04) -- 7. Women and journalism -- 8. The electronic media -- 9. Organization, education, and training -- 10. One hundred years of legal confusion -- 11. Conclusion.