Actions for Biogeochemistry in mineral exploration
Biogeochemistry in mineral exploration / Colin E. Dunn
- Author
- Dunn, Colin E.
- Published
- Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier, 2007.
- Edition
- 1st ed.
- Physical Description
- xvii, 462 pages : illustrations, maps ; 25 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
- Series
- Contents
- Introduction: Setting the scene -- Biogeochemistry and geobotany -- General considerations and distinctions -- History of geobotany -- History of biogeochemistry -- Plant evolution and chemistry -- Barrier mechanisms -- PLANT FUNCTION, CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY: Plant requirements -- Element uptake and function -- Root form and controls on element uptake -- Summary comments on chemical requirements of plants -- Mineralogy of plants -- FIELD GUIDE 1: CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC ZONES: Selection of plant species -- Orientation -- Boreal (northern) forest -- Black spruce -- Balsam fir -- Alder -- Temperate coniferous forest -- Temperate deciduous forest -- Tundra -- Arid and semi-arid environments - general comments -- North America-arid and semi-arid -- Northern basin and range -- Southern basin and range, and desert of the southwestern USA and Mexico -- Central America -- North Africa-arid - southern Morocco into the Sahara Desert -- Mediterranean coast -- Middle East-from Turkey and Armenia, through Saudi Arabia to Pakistan, and Africa east of the Sahara -- Central, West and South Africa -- India -- China, Mongolia and Japan -- Australia -- South America (excluding the Amazon) -- Humid tropics- Amazon, West Africa, Indonesia --, FIELD GUIDE 2: SAMPLE SELECTION AND COLLECTION: Seasonal variations -- Summary considerations of seasonal variations - a practical approach -- Selection of tissue type -- Element differences among plant species -- The inhomogeneity of trees -- Bark -- Twigs -- Foliage -- Trunk wood -- Treetops -- Cones -- Stunted trees of the tundra -- LFH/forest litter/humus -- Flowers, seeds, spores and pollen -- Sample collection -- Precautions -- Field accessories -- Sample bags -- Sample size -- Samples required for quality control -- Checklist for vegetation sample collection and site observations -- Field drying and shipping -- Alternative samples -- Saps -- Fungi -- Moss -- Seaweed -- Geozoology -- SURVEY DESIGN AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER SAMPLE MEDIA: Introduction -- Survey design -- Scale of survey -- Low density (1 site per 10 km2 or greater)-reconnaissance level -- Moderate density (1 site per 1-10km2) -- Semi-detailed surveys (1 site per 0.25-1 km2) -- Detailed surveys (25-200m spacing) -- Comparisons with other types of geochemical survey -- Vegetation versus soils -- Vegetation versus glacial tills -- Comparison of multi-media reconnaissance-level surveys using plants, soils, and sediments from lakes and streams --, SAMPLE PREPARATION AND DECOMPOSITION: Washing -- Thorough washing using solvents or dispersants -- Washing in water -- Particle and sample size -- Sample decomposition -- Dry ashing -- Element volatilization -- Dry ashing-the realities -- A special case: Vegetation from sites near smelters or other sites of point-source metal emissions -- Wet decomposition -- Microwave digestion -- Selective leaching -- Fusions -- Standard reference materials and analytical controls -- PLANT ANALYSIS: 'Fit for purpose' -- Analytical techniques -- Analytical instrumentation -- Atomic absorption spectrometry -- Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-ES) -- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) -- Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) -- X-ray fluorescence (XRF) --, THE EDEN PROJECT-SOURCE OF A BIOGEOCHEMICAL DATABASE: Samples in the collection -- Soil in the biomes -- Foliage collection from the biomes -- BIOGEOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE ELEMENTS: The importance of data quality -- Elements in plants and their relevance to mineral exploration -- Aluminium (Al) -- Antimony (Sb) -- Arsenic (As) -- Barium (Ba) -- Beryllium (Be) -- Bismuth (Bi) -- Boron (B) -- Bromine (Br) -- Cadmium (Cd) -- Calcium (Ca) -- Cerium (Ce) -- Cesium (Cs) -- Chromium (Cr) -- Chlorine (Cl) -- Cobalt (Co) -- Copper (Cu -- Dysprosium (Dy) -- Erbium (Er) -- Europium (Eu) -- Fluorine(F) -- Gadolinium (Gd) -- Gallium (Ga) -- Germanium (Ge) -- Gold (Au) -- Hafnium (Hf) -- Halogens (F, Br, Cl and I) -- Holmium (Ho) -- Indium (In) -- Iodine (I) -- Iridium (lr) -- Iron (Fe) -- Lanthanum (La), the rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) -- Lead (Pb) -- Lithium (Li) -- Lutetium (Lu) -- Magnesium (Mg) -- Manganese (Mn) -- Mercury (Hg) -- Molybdenum (Mo) -- Neodymium (Nd) -- Nickel (Ni) -- Niobium (Nb) -- Osmium (Os) -- Palladium (Pd) -- Phosphorus (P) -- Platinum (Pt) and the platinum group elements (PGEs)-palladium (Pd), iridium (lr), osmium (Os), rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru) -- Praseodymium (Pr) -- Promethium (Pm) -- Potassium (K) -- Radium (Ra) -- Rhenium (Re) -- Rhodium (Rh) -- Rubidium (Rb) -- Ruthenium (Ru) -- Samarium (Sm) -- Scandium (Sc) -- Selenium (Se) -- Silver (Ag) -- Sodium (Na) -- Strontium (Sr) -- Sulphur (S) -- Tantalum (Ta) -- Tellurium (Te) -- Terbium (Tb) -- Thallium (Tl) -- Thorium (Th) -- Thulium (Tm) -- Tin (Sn) -- Titanium (Ti) -- Tungsten (W) -- Uranium (U) -- Vanadium (V) -- Ytterbium (Yb) -- Yttrium (Y) -- Zinc (Zn) -- Zirconium (Zr) -- DATA HANDLING AND ANALYSIS: First estimation of the data -- Computer software tools -- Data analysis -- Univariate statistics -- Bivariate statistics -- Multivariate analysis -- Map plots of data distributions -- Map plots of data distributions -- Analytical artefacts -- Sampling and sample preparation artefacts -- Contamination of the natural environment -- Species-specific enrichments --, CASE HISTORIES: Gold -- Canada: La Ronge and Glennie Domains, Northern Saskatchewan -- Rod zone-jolu mine-la ronge domain -- Geology and mineralization -- Biogeochemical survey -- Post survey exploration -- Jasper pond -- Geology and mineralization -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Post survey developments -- Seabee mine, laonil lake -- Geology and mineralization -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Post survey development -- Seabee mine, laonil lake -- Geology and mineralization -- Biogeochemical survey -- Post survey developments -- Canada: Temperate forest of British Columbia QR (Quesnel River) deposit -- Geology and mineralization -- Environment -- Scope of survey and analysis -- Results -- South America: Peru-ecuador border -- Cordillera del condor geology and mineralization -- Environment -- Scope of survey and analysis -- South America: Bolivia and Argentina -- Geology and mineralization -- Environment -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Summary of results from the orientation surveys -- Platinum group metals/nickel/copper -- Canada: Rottenstone Lake, northern Saskatchewan -- Geology and mineralization -- Environment -- Exploration history -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Post survey exploration -- Nickel -- Canada: Thompson Nickel Belt, Northern Manitoba -- Geology and mineralization -- Environment -- Biogeochemical survey -- Post survey exploration -- Uranium -- Canada: Athabasca Basin, Northern Saskatchewan -- Geology and mineralization -- Exploration history -- Environment -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Kimberlites -- Canada: Ekati trend, lac de gras, northwest territories -- Geology -- Environment -- Biogeochemical survey -- South Africa: Kimberley -- Geology -- Environment -- Biogeochemical surveys -- Expanded surveys-summary observations -- Canada: Buffalo Head Hills, North-Central Alberta -- Geology -- Exploration history -- Exploration history -- Biogeochemical survey -- Kimberlites-summary --, and EXPLORATION GEOMICROBIOLOGY-THE NEW FRONTIER: Introduction -- Significance of micro-organisms as biogeochemical agents -- Methods for identifying micro-organisms and microbial processes -- Culture-dependent techniques -- Culture-independent methods -- Molecular procedures -- Extraction and purification of nucleic acids from soils -- Amplification of target genes from extracted DNA or RNA -- Assessing genetic diversity -- Genetic fingerprinting -- Case studies -- Case Study 1 -The geomicrobiological cycling of gold -- Case Study 2-Microbial diversity in soils and sediments contaminated with Zn and Cu -- Case Study 3-Bacterial biosensors as alternatives for measuring heavy metals in soil extracts -- Future technologies for bio-prospecting -- Conclusions -- A LOOK TO THE FUTURE: Introduction -- Hyperspectral imagery in relation to biogeochemistry -- Exploration geomicrobiology -- Exploration geomicrobiology -- Plant mineralogy -- Chemical analysis.
- Subject(s)
- ISBN
- 0444530746
9780444530745
9780444531544 (inserted CD-ROM)
0444531548 (inserted CD-ROM) - Bibliography Note
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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