The hierarchy of law -- The shift toward authority -- Constitutions -- Judicial duty -- Independent judgment -- Judicial decisions -- Authority to expound -- No appeal from parliament -- Colonial departures -- Law and judicial duty -- Reason and justice within the law -- The range of constitutional decisions and the character of judicial duty -- Holding legislative acts unconstitutional -- A lopsided debate -- Not holding legislative acts unconstitutional -- Independence -- Authority -- The inexplicitness of constitutions -- Federal clarifications.