Underwater acoustics : analysis, design and performance of sonar / Richard P. Hodges

Author:: Hodges, Richard P.
Published:: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2010.
Physical Description:: xi, 353 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm

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Contents:

1. Introduction to Sonar -- 1.1. Acoustic Waves -- 1.1.1. Compressions and Rarefactions -- 1.2. Speed of Propagation -- 1.3. Acoustic Wave Parameters -- 1.4. Doppler Shift -- 1.5. Intensity, SPL, and Decibels -- 1.6. Combining Acoustic Waves -- 1.7. Comparative Parameter for Sound in Water and Air -- References -- 2. The Sonar Equations -- 2.1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio -- 2.2. Active Sonar Equation -- 2.3. Signal Excess -- 2.4. Figure of Merit -- References -- 3. Transducers, Directionality, and Arrays -- 3.1. Transducer Response -- 3.2. Beam Pattern Response -- 3.3. Linear Arrays -- 3.3.1. Triplet Towed Array -- 3.3.2. Multiline Towed Arrays -- 3.4. Rectangular Planar Array -- 3.5. Amplitude Shading -- 3.6. Continuous Arrays -- 3.7. Volumetric Arrays -- 3.8. Product Theorem -- 3.9. Broadband Beam Patterns -- 3.10. Directivity and Array Gain -- 3.11. Noise Cross-Correlation between Hydrophones -- 3.12. Directivity of Line Arrays -- 3.13. Directivity of Area Arrays -- 3.14. Directivity of Volumetric Arrays -- 3.15. Difference Arrays -- 3.16. Multiplicative Arrays -- 3.17. Sparsely Populated Arrays -- 3.18. Adaptive Beamforming -- References -- 4. Active Sonar Sources -- 4.1. Source Level -- 4.2. Cavitation -- 4.3. Near-Field Interactions -- 4.4. Explosive Sources -- 4.5. Physics of Shock Waves in Water -- 4.6. Bubble Pulses -- 4.7. Pros and Cons of Explosive Charges -- 4.8. Parametric Acoustic Sources -- References -- 5. Transmission Loss -- 5.1. Sound Speed Profile in the Sea -- 5.2. Snell's Law and Transmission across an Interface -- 5.3. Reflection and Transmission Coefficients -- 5.4. Transmission through a Plate -- 5.5. Ray Tracing -- 5.6. Spreading Loss -- 5.7. Absorption of Sound in the Ocean -- 5.7.1. Mechanisms of Absorption -- References -- 6. Transmission Loss: Interaction with Boundaries -- 6.1. Sea State, Wind Speed, and Wave Height -- 6.2. Pierson-Moskowitz Model for Fully Developed Seas -- 6.3. Sea Surface Interaction -- 6.3.1. Lloyd Mirror Interference -- 6.3.2. Loss Due to Interaction with the Surface -- 6.4. Bottom Loss -- 6.4.1. Simple Rayleigh Bottom Loss Model -- 6.4.2. U.S. Navy OAML Approved Models of Bottom Loss -- 6.4.3. Low-Frequency Bottom Loss (LFBL) Model: 50 to 1000 Hz -- 6.4.4. High-Frequency Bottom Loss (HFBL) Model -- 6.4.5. High-Frequency Environment Acoustic (HFEVA) Model -- 6.5. Leakage Out of a Duct, Low-Frequency Cutoff -- 6.6. Propagation Loss Model Descriptions -- 6.6.1. Ray Models -- 6.6.2. Normal Modes -- 6.6.3. Parabolic Equations -- 6.6.4. U.S. Navy Standard Models -- References -- 7. Ambient Noise -- 7.1. Ambient Noise Models -- 7.2. Seismic Noise -- 7.3. Ocean Turbulence -- 7.4. Shipping Noise -- 7.5. Wave Noise -- 7.6. Thermal Noise -- 7.7. Rain Noise -- 7.8. Temporal Variability of Ambient Noise -- 7.9. Depth Effects on Noise -- 7.10. Directionality of Noise -- 7.11. Under Ice Noise -- 7.12. Spatial Coherence of Ambient Noise -- References -- 8. Reverberation -- 8.1. Scattering, Backscattering Strength, and Target Strength -- 8.1.1. Surface and Bottom Scattering -- 8.1.2. Volume Scattering -- 8.1.3. Bottom Scattering -- 8.1.4. Reverberation Target Strength -- 8.1.5. Calculation of Reverberation for Use in the Sonar Equation -- 8.1.6. Volume Reverberation Level -- 8.2. Reverberation Frequency Spread and Doppler Gain Potential -- 8.2.1. Power Spectral Density of a CW Pulse -- 8.2.2. Environmental Frequency Spreading -- 8.2.3. Frequency Spreading Due to Transmitter and Receiver Motion -- 8.2.4. Frequency Spreading Due to Target -- 8.3. Important Observation with Respect to Reverberation -- References -- 9. Active Target Strength -- 9.1. Target Strength Definition -- 9.2. Active Target Strength of a Large Sphere -- 9.3. Active Target Strength of a Very Small Sphere -- 9.4. Target Strengths of Simple Geometric Forms -- 9.5. Target Strength of Submarines -- 9.6. The TAP Model -- 9.7. Target Strength of Surface Ships -- 9.8. Target Strength of Mines and Torpedoes -- 9.9. Target Strength of Fish -- References -- 10. Radiated Noise -- 10.1. General Characteristics of Ship Radiated Noise -- 10.2. Propeller Radiated Noise -- 10.3. Machinery Noise -- 10.4. Resonance Noise -- 10.5. Hydrodynamic Noise -- 10.6. Platform Quieting -- 10.7. Total Radiated Noise -- Reference -- 11. Self Noise -- 11.1. Flow Noise -- 11.2. Turbulent Noise Coherence -- 11.3. Strumming Noise -- References -- 12. Statistical Detection Theory -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Case 1: Signal is Known Exactly -- 12.2.1. Observations on Case 1 -- 12.3. Case 2: Signal is White Gaussian Noise -- 12.3.1. Observations on Case 2 -- References -- 13. Methodology for Calculation of the Recognition Differential -- 13.1. Continuous Broadband Signals (PBB) -- 13.1.1. PBB Step 1: Theoretical Broadband Nrd -- 13.1.2. PBB Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum -- 13.1.3. PBB Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation -- 13.1.4. PBB Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics -- 13.1.5. PBB Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses -- 13.2. Continuous Narrowband Signals (PNB) -- 13.2.1. PNB Step 1: Theoretical Narrowband Nrd -- 13.2.2. PNB Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum -- 13.2.3. PNB Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation -- 13.2.4. PNB Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics (Signal is Not a Perfect Sine Wave) -- 13.2.5. PNB Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses -- 13.2.6. Nrd Calculation Example -- 13.3. Active Sonar -- 13.3.1. CW Active Pulse Active Step 1: Theoretical Nrd -- 13.3.2. Active Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum -- 13.3.3. Active Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation -- 13.3.4. Active Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics -- 13.3.5. Active Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses -- 13.3.6. Nrd Calculation Examples -- 13.4. Aural Detection -- 13.5. Display Nomenclature -- References -- 14. False Alarms, False Contacts, and False Targets -- 14.1. Sea Story -- 14.2. Failure to Detect -- 14.3. Detection Theory -- 14.3.1. Hypothesis Testing -- 14.3.2. Probability Density Function -- 14.3.3. Detection of Constant Level -- 14.4. False Alarm Probability Calculation -- 14.5. False/Nonthreat Contacts -- 14.6. False Targets -- 14.7. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 15. Variability and Uncertainty -- 15.1. Random Variability of a Sonar -- 15.2. Sources of Variability -- References -- 16. Modeling Detection and Tactical Decision Aids -- 16.1. Figure of Merit Range or R50 % -- 16.2. Tactical Decision Aids -- References -- 17. Cumulative Probability of Detection -- 17.1. Why is CPD Important? -- 17.2. Discrete Glimpse and Continuous Looking -- 17.3. Lambda-Sigma Jump Model -- 17.4. Nonjump Processes -- 17.5. What Are Appropriate Random Parameters? -- 17.6. Approximation Method for Computation of the Cumulative Probability of Detection (CPD) -- References -- 18. Tracking, Target Motion Analysis, and Localization -- 18.1. Bearing Trackers -- 18.1.1. Amplitude Difference Method -- 18.1.2. Phase Difference Method or Cross-Correlation Method -- 18.2. General Principle of Tracking and Bearing Measurement -- 18.3. Other Sources of Bearing Error for Area Arrays -- 18.4. Additional Sources of Errors for Line Arrays -- 18.5. Bottom Bounce -- 18.6. Manual versus Automatic Tracking -- 18.7. Localization and Target Motion Analysis -- 18.7.1. Localization -- 18.7.2. Wave Front Curvature Ranging (WFCR) -- 18.7.3. Multipath Ranging (MPR) -- 18.7.4. Depression/Elevation (D/E) Ranging -- 18.7.5. Triangulation Ranging -- 18.8. Bearings Only Methodologies -- 18.9. Four-Bearing TMA -- 18.10. Ekelund Ranging -- 18.11. Range and Bearing TMA -- 18.12. Other Bearings Only TMA Methodologies -- 18.13. Other TMA and Localization Schemes -- References -- 19. Design and Evaluation of Sonars -- 19.1. Choice of Frequency and Size -- 19.2. Computational Requirements -- 19.2.1. Beamforming -- 19.3. Signal Processing after Beamformer -- 19.3.1. Detection -- 19.4. Active Pulse Choice -- 19.5. Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Active Sonars -- 19.6. Ambiguity Functions -- 19.7. Mine Hunting and Bottom Survey Sonars -- 19.8. Echo Sounding and Fishing Sonars. and 19.9. Navigation -- 19.10. Vehicle Location and At-Sea Rescue -- 19.11. Intercept Receivers -- 19.12. Communications -- 19.13. Marine Mammals and Active Sonar -- References -- A. Fourier Transforms -- A.1. Definitions -- A.2. Parseval's Theorem and Plancherel's Theorem -- A.3. Properties of Fourier Transforms -- A.4. Localization or Uncertainty Property -- B. Analysis of Errors Associated with a Least Squares Methodology -- Reference.

Summary:

"Offering complete and comprehensive coverage of modern sonar spectrum system analysis, Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the subject and has been carefully structured to offer a much-needed update to the classic text by Urick. Expanded to include computational approaches to the topic, this book treads the line between the highly theoretical and mathematical texts and the more populist, non-mathematical books that characterize the existing literature in the field. The author compares and contrasts different techniques for sonar design, analysis and performance prediction and includes key experimental and theoretical results, pointing the reader towards further detail with extensive references. Practitioners in the field of sonar design, analysis and performance prediction as well as graduate students and researchers will appreciate this new reference as an invaluable and timely contribution to the field" "Chapters include the sonar equation, radiated, self and ambient noise, active sonar sources, transmission loss, reverberation, transducers, active target strength, statistical detection theory, false alarms, contacts and targets, variability and uncertainty, modelling detections and tactical decision aids, cumulative probability of detection, tracking target motion analysis and localization, and design and evaluation of sonars."--BOOK JACKET.

Subject(s):

ISBN:

9780470688755 (cloth) and 0470688750 (cloth)

Note:

Includes index.

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