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Educational research : planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research / John W. Creswell

Author:
Creswell, John W.
Published:
Boston : Pearson, [2012]
Copyright Date:
©2012
Edition:
4th ed.
Physical Description:
xxii, 650 pages : illustrations ; 27 cm

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Contents:
Machine generated contents note: pt. I An Introduction to Educational Research -- ch. 1 The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches -- A Definition of Research and Its Importance -- Research Adds to Our Knowledge -- Research Improves Practice -- Research Informs Policy Debates -- Several Problems with Research Today -- The Six Steps in the Process of Research -- Identifying a Research Problem -- Reviewing the Literature -- Specifying a Purpose for Research -- Collecting Data -- Analyzing and Interpreting the Data -- Reporting and Evaluating Research -- The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Each of the Six Steps -- Quantitative Research Characteristics -- Qualitative Research Characteristics -- Similarities and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- Important Ethical Issues in Conducting Research -- Institutional Review Boards -- Professional Associations -- Ethical Practices throughout the Research Process -- Some Ethical Issues in Data Collection -- Some Ethical Issues in Data Reporting -- Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research -- Solving Puzzles -- Lengthening Your Attention Span -- Learning to Use Library Resources -- Writing, Editing, and More Writing -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- The Definition and Importance of Educational Research -- The Six Steps in the Process of Research -- The Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- The Types of Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative Research -- The Important Ethical Issues -- The Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Sample Quantitative Study -- Sample Qualitative Study -- pt. II The Steps in the Process of Research -- ch. 2 Identifying a Research Problem -- What Is a Research Problem and Why Is It Important? -- How Does the Research Problem Differ from Other Parts of Research? -- Can and Should Problems Be Researched? -- Can You Gain Access to People and Sites? -- Can You Find Time, Locate Resources, and Use Your Skills? -- Should the Problem Be Researched? -- How Does the Research Problem Differ in Quantitative and Qualitative Research? -- How Do You Write a "Statement of the Problem" Section? -- The Topic -- The Research Problem -- Justification of the Importance of the Problem -- Deficiencies in What We Know -- The Audience -- What Are Some Strategies for Writing the "Statement of the Problem" Section? -- A Template -- Other Writing Strategies -- Think-Aloud About Writing a "Statement of the Problem" -- Examples of "Statement of the Problem" Sections -- Reexamining the Parent Involvement and the Mothers' Trust in School Principals Studies -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Define a Research Problem and Explain Its Importance -- Distinguish between a Research Problem and Other Parts of Research -- Criteria for Deciding Whether a Problem Can and Should Be Researched -- The Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Problems -- The Five Elements of a "Statement of the Problem" Section -- Strategies Useful in Writing the "Statement of the Problem" Section -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 3 Reviewing the Literature -- What Is a Literature Review and Why Is It Important? -- How Does the Literature Review Differ for Quantitative and Qualitative Studies? -- What Are the Five Steps in Conducting a Literature Review? -- Identify Key Terms -- Locate Literature -- Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature -- Organize the Literature -- Write a Literature Review -- Reexamining the Parent Involvement and the Mothers' Trust in Principals Studies -- Literature Review Analysis in a Quantitative Study -- Literature Review Analysis in a Qualitative Study -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- What Is a Review of the Literature and Why Is It Important? -- The Five Steps in Conducting a Literature Review -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 4 Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses -- What Are Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives? -- The Purpose Statement -- Research Questions -- Hypotheses -- Research Objectives -- Why Are These Statements and Questions Important? -- How Do You Design Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses? -- Specify Variables -- The Family of Variables -- Think-Aloud About Identifying Variables? -- Theories and Testing of Variables -- Writing Quantitative Purpose Statements -- Writing Quantitative Research Questions -- Writing Quantitative Hypotheses -- How Do You Design Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions? -- Differentiating between Quantitative and Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions -- The Central Phenomenon in Qualitative Research -- Emerging Processes in Qualitative Research -- Writing Qualitative Purpose Statements -- Writing Qualitative Research Questions -- Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers' Trust in Principals Studies -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Distinguish among Purpose Statements, Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives -- Know Why These Statements and Questions Are Important -- Write Quantitative Purpose Statements, Research Questions, and Hypotheses -- Write Qualitative Purpose Statements and Research Questions -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 5 Collecting Quantitative Data -- Five Steps in the Process of Data Collection -- What Participants Will You Study? -- Identify Your Unit of Analysis -- Specify the Population and Sample -- What Permissions Will You Need? -- Obtain Different Types of Permissions -- Obtain Informed Consent -- What Information Will You Collect? -- Specify Variables from Research Questions and Hypotheses -- Operationally Define Each Variable -- Choose Types of Data and Measures -- What Instrument Will You Use to Collect Data? -- Locate or Develop an Instrument -- Search for an Instrument -- Criteria for Choosing a Good Instrument -- Interval/Ratio Scales -- Think-Aloud About Finding and Selecting an Instrument -- How Will You Administer the Data Collection? -- Standardization -- Ethical Issues -- Reexamining the Quantitative Parent Involvement Study -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- State the Five Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Collection -- Identify How to Select Participants for a Study -- Identify the Permissions Needed for a Study -- List Different Options for Collecting Information -- Locate, Select, and Assess an Instrument(s) for Use in Data Collection -- Describe Procedures for Administering Quantitative Data Collection -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 6 Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data -- What Are the Steps in the Process of Quantitative Data Analysis? -- How Do You Prepare the Data for Analysis? -- Score the Data -- Determine the Types of Scores to Analyze -- Select a Statistical Program -- Input Data -- Clean and Account for Missing Data -- How Do You Analyze the Data? -- Conduct Descriptive Analysis -- Conduct Inferential Analysis -- How Do You Report the Results? -- Tables -- Figures -- Present Results -- How Do You Interpret the Results? -- Summarize the Major Results -- Explain Why the Results Occurred -- Advance Limitations -- Suggest Future Research -- Reexamining Data Analysis and Interpretation in the Parent Involvement Study -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Identify the Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data -- Preparing Your Data for Analysis -- Analyzing the Data -- Reporting the Results -- Interpreting the Results -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 7 Collecting Qualitative Data -- What Are the Five Process Steps in Qualitative Data Collection? -- What Are the Different Sampling Approaches for Selecting Participants and Sites? -- Purposeful Sampling -- Sample Size or Number of Research Sites -- What Types of Permissions Will Be Required to Gain Access to Participants and Sites? -- Seek Institutional Review Board Approval -- Gatekeepers -- What Types of Qualitative Data Will You Collect? -- Observations -- Interviews -- Documents -- Audiovisual Materials -- What Procedures Will Be Used to Record Data? -- Using Protocols -- Think-Aloud About Observing -- What Field and Ethical Issues Need to Be Anticipated? -- Field Issues -- Ethical Issues -- Revisiting the Mothers' Trust in Principals Qualitative Study -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Five Process Steps in Collecting Data -- Sampling Approaches to Selecting Participants and Sites -- Permissions Required to Gain Access -- Various Types of Qualitative Data to Collect -- Procedures for Recording Data -- Field Issues and Ethical Considerations in Data Collection -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 8 Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data -- What Are the Six Steps in Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data? -- How Do You Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis? --, Contents note continued: Organize Data -- Transcribe Data -- Analyze by Hand or Computer -- Use of Qualitative Computer Programs -- How Do You Explore and Code the Data? -- Explore the General Sense of the Data -- Code the Data -- Think-Aloud About Coding a Transcript -- How Do You Use Codes to Build Description and Themes? -- Description -- Themes -- Layering and Interrelating Themes -- How Do You Represent and Report Findings? -- Representing Findings -- Reporting Findings -- How Do You Interpret Findings? -- Summarize Findings -- Convey Personal Reflections -- Make Comparisons to the Literature -- Offer Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research -- How Do You Validate the Accuracy of Your Findings? -- Reexamining Qualitative Data Analysis in the Mothers' Trust in Principals Case Study -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Six Steps in the Process of Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data -- Prepare and Organize the Data for Analysis -- Explore and Code the Data -- Coding to Build Description and Themes -- Represent and Report Qualitative Findings -- Interpret the Findings -- Validate the Accuracy of the Findings -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- ch. 9 Reporting and Evaluating Research -- What Is a Research Report and What Are Its Types? -- What Audience Will Receive the Report? -- What Are the Types of Research Reports? -- How Should You Structure Your Report? -- Look at the Physical Structure of Research Reports -- Design an Appropriate Quantitative Structure -- Design an Appropriate Qualitative Structure -- Think-Aloud About the Structure of a Study -- How Do You Write in a Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Way? -- Use Language That Reduces Bias -- Encode Scholarly Terms into Your Research -- Use Ethical Reporting and Writing of Research Results -- Use an Appropriate Point of View -- Balance Your Research and Content -- Interconnect Sections for Consistency -- Advance a Concise Title -- How Do You Evaluate the Quality of Your Research? -- Employ Appropriate Standards -- Quantitative Standards -- Qualitative Standards -- Evaluate with a Process Approach -- Reexamining the Parent Involvement and Mothers' Trust in Principals Studies -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- The Purpose of a Research Report and Its Types -- How to Structure your Research Report -- Sensitive, Ethical, and Scholarly Writing Practices -- Criteria for Evaluating a Research Report -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Understanding Concepts and Evaluating Research Studies -- Conducting Your Research -- pt. III Research Designs -- ch. 10 Experimental Designs -- What Is an Experiment, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use an Experiment? -- When Did Experiments Develop? -- What Are Key Characteristics of Experiments? -- Random Assignment -- Control Over Extraneous Variables -- Manipulating Treatment Conditions -- Outcome Measures -- Group Comparisons -- Threats to Validity -- What Are the Types of Experimental Designs? -- Between-Group Designs -- Within-Group or Individual Designs -- What Are Potential Ethical Issues in Experimental Research? -- What Are the Steps in Conducting Experimental Research? -- Step 1 Decide if an Experiment Addresses Your Research Problem -- Step 2 Form Hypotheses to Test Cause-and-Effect Relationships -- Step 3 Select an Experimental Unit and Identify Study Participants -- Step 4 Select an Experimental Treatment and Introduce It -- Step 5 Choose a Type of Experimental Design -- Step 6 Conduct the Experiment -- Step 7 Organize and Analyze the Data -- Step 8 Develop an Experimental Research Report -- How Do You Evaluate Experimental Research? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- A Definition of Experimental Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed -- Key Characteristics of Experimental Research -- Types of Experimental Designs -- Ethical Issues in Experimental Research -- Steps in Conducting an Experiment -- Evaluating an Experiment -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of an Experimental Study -- ch. 11 Correlational Designs -- What Is Correlational Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use Correlational Research? -- How Did Correlational Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Correlational Designs? -- The Explanatory Design -- The Prediction Design -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs? -- Displays of Scores -- Associations between Scores -- Multiple Variable Analysis -- Potential Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research -- What Are the Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study? -- Step 1 Determine If a Correlational Study Best Addresses the Research Problem -- Step 2 Identify Individuals to Study -- Step 3 Identify Two or More Measures for Each Individual in the Study -- Step 4 Collect Data and Monitor Potential Threats -- Step 5 Analyze the Data and Represent the Results -- Step 6 Interpret the Results -- How Do You Evaluate a Correlational Study? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- The Definition, Use, and Development of Correlational Research -- Types of Correlational Designs -- Key Characteristics of Correlational Designs -- Ethical Issues in Conducting Correlational Research -- Steps in Conducting a Correlational Study -- Criteria for Evaluating a Correlational Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of a Correlational Study -- ch. 12 Survey Designs -- What Is Survey Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use Survey Research? -- How Did Survey Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Survey Designs? -- Cross-Sectional Survey Designs -- Longitudinal Survey Designs -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Survey Research? -- Sampling from a Population -- Questionnaires and Interviews -- Instrument Design -- Response Rate -- How Do You Construct and Analyze a Mailed Questionnaire? -- The Cover Letter -- Overall Questionnaire Construction -- Data Analysis of a Research Questionnaire -- How Do You Design and Conduct an Interview Survey? -- Stance of the Interviewer -- Training of Interviewers -- Steps in Interviewing -- A Telephone Interview Guide -- What Are Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research? -- What Are the Steps in Conducting Survey Research? -- Step 1 Decide if a Survey Is the Best Design to Use -- Step 2 Identify the Research Questions or Hypotheses -- Step 3 Identify the Population, the Sampling Frame, and the Sample -- Step 4 Determine the Survey Design and Data Collection Procedures -- Step 5 Develop or Locate an Instrument -- Step 6 Administer the Instrument -- Step 7 Analyze the Data to Address the Research Questions or Hypotheses -- Step 8 Write the Report -- How Do You Evaluate Survey Research? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Defining Survey Research, When to Use It, and How It Developed -- Types of Survey Designs -- Key Characteristics of Survey Research -- Constructing and Using a Mailed Questionnaire -- Designing and Conducting an Interview Survey -- Potential Ethical Issues in Survey Research -- Steps in Conducting Survey Research -- Criteria for Evaluating Survey Research -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of a Survey Study -- ch. 13 Grounded Theory Designs -- What Is Grounded Theory Research, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use Grounded Theory? -- How Did Grounded Theory Develop? -- Types of Grounded Theory Designs -- The Systematic Design -- The Emerging Design -- The Constructivist Design -- Choosing Among the Designs -- The Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research -- A Process Approach -- Theoretical Sampling -- Constant Comparative Data Analysis -- A Core Category -- Theory Generation -- Memos -- Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research -- What Are the Steps in Conducting Grounded Theory Research? -- Step 1 Decide if a Grounded Theory Design Best Addresses the Research Problem -- Step 2 Identify a Process to Study -- Step 3 Seek Approval and Access -- Step 4 Conduct Theoretical Sampling -- Step 5 Code the Data -- Step 6 Use Selective Coding and Develop the Theory -- Step 7 Validate Your Theory -- Step 8 Write a Grounded Theory Research Report -- How Do You Evaluate Grounded Theory Research? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- What Is Grounded Theory, When to Use It, and How It Developed -- Three Types of Grounded Theory Designs -- Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research -- Potential Ethical Issues in Grounded Theory Research -- Steps in Conducting a Grounded Theory Study -- Evaluating the Quality of a Grounded Theory Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of a Grounded Theory Study -- ch. 14 Ethnographic Designs -- What Is Ethnographic Research, When Should You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Conduct an Ethnography? -- How Did Ethnographic Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Ethnographic Designs? -- Realist Ethnographies -- Case Studies -- Critical Ethnographies -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Ethnographic Research? -- Cultural Themes -- A Culture-Sharing Group -- Shared Patterns of Behavior, Belief, and Language -- Fieldwork -- Description, Themes, and Interpretation -- Context or Setting -- Researcher Reflexivity -- Ethical Issues in Conducting Ethnographic Research -- What Are the Steps in Conducting an Ethnography? --, and Contents note continued: Step 1 Identify Intent and the Type of Design, and Relate Intent to Your Research Problem -- Step 2 Discuss Approval and Access Considerations -- Step 3 Use Appropriate Data Collection Procedures -- Step 4 Analyze and Interpret Data within a Design -- Step 5 Write the Report Consistent with Your Design -- How Do You Evaluate an Ethnography? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Defining Ethnographic Research, Its Use, and Its Development -- Three Types of Ethnographic Designs -- Potential Ethical Issues in Ethnographic Research -- Steps in Conducting an Ethnography -- Criteria for Evaluating an Ethnography Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of an Ethnographic Study -- ch. 15 Narrative Research Designs -- What Is Narrative Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use Narrative Research? -- How Did Narrative Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Narrative Designs? -- Who Writes or Records the Story? -- How Much of a Life Is Recorded and Presented? -- Who Provides the Story? -- Is a Theoretical Lens Being Used? -- Can Narrative Forms Be Combined? -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs? -- Individual Experiences -- Chronology of the Experiences -- Collecting Individual Stories -- Restorying -- Coding for Themes -- Context or Setting -- Collaborating with Participants -- What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories? -- What Are the Steps in Conducting Narrative Research? -- Step 1 Identify a Phenomenon to Explore That Addresses an Educational Problem -- Step 2 Purposefully Select an Individual From Whom You Can Learn About the Phenomenon -- Step 3 Collect the Story From That Individual -- Step 4 Restory or Retell the Individual's Story -- Step 5 Collaborate with the Participant-Storyteller -- Step 6 Write a Story About the Participant's Experiences -- Step 7 Validate the Accuracy of the Report -- How Do You Evaluate Narrative Research? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- What Is Narrative Research, When Is It Used, and How Did It Develop? -- The Types of Narrative Designs -- The Key Characteristics of Narrative Designs -- Potential Ethical Issues in Gathering Stories -- Steps in Conducting a Narrative Study -- Evaluating a Narrative Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of a Narrative Study -- ch. 16 Mixed Methods Designs -- What Is Mixed Methods Research, When Is It Used, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Conduct a Mixed Methods Study? -- How Did Mixed Methods Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Mixed Methods Designs? -- The Convergent Parallel Design -- The Explanatory Sequential Design -- The Exploratory Sequential Design -- The Embedded Design -- The Transformative Design -- Multiphase Design -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs? -- Provide a Rationale for the Design -- Include Collecting Quantitative and Qualitative Data -- Consider Priority -- Consider Sequence -- Match the Data Analysis to a Design -- Diagram the Procedures -- What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research? -- What Are the Steps in Conducting a Mixed Methods Study? -- Step 1 Determine If a Mixed Methods Study Is Feasible -- Step 2 Identify a Rationale for Mixing Methods -- Step 3 Identify a Data Collection Strategy -- Step 4 Develop Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Questions -- Step 5 Collect Quantitative and Qualitative Data -- Step 6 Analyze Data Separately, Concurrently or Both -- Step 7 Write the Report as a One- or Two-Phase Study or a Multiple-Phase Study -- How Do You Evaluate a Mixed Methods Study? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Mixed Method Research, Its Use, and Its Development -- Types of Mixed Methods Designs -- Key Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research -- Potential Ethical Issues in Mixed Methods Research -- Steps Used in Conducting Mixed Methods Research -- Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of a Mixed Methods Study -- ch. 17 Action Research Designs -- What Is Action Research, When Do You Use It, and How Did It Develop? -- When Do You Use Action Research? -- How Did Action Research Develop? -- What Are the Types of Action Research Designs? -- Practical Action Research -- Participatory Action Research -- What Are the Key Characteristics of Action Research? -- A Practical Focus -- The Teacher-Researcher's Own Practices -- Collaboration -- A Dynamic Process -- A Plan of Action -- Sharing Research -- What Are Some Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research? -- What Are the Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study? -- Step 1 Determine if Action Research Is the Best Design to Use -- Step 2 Identify a Problem to Study -- Step 3 Locate Resources to Help Address the Problem -- Step 4 Identify Information You Will Need -- Step 5 Implement the Data Collection -- Step 6 Analyze the Data -- Step 7 Develop a Plan for Action -- Step 8 Implement the Plan and Reflect -- How Do You Evaluate an Action Research Study? -- Key Ideas in the Chapter -- Definition of Action Research, Its Use, and Its Development -- Types of Action Research Design -- Key Characteristics of Action Research -- Potential Ethical Issues in Action Research -- Steps in Conducting an Action Research Study -- Evaluating an Action Research Study -- Useful Information for Producers of Research -- Useful Information for Consumers of Research -- Additional Resources You Might Examine -- Example of an Action Research Study -- Appendices -- Appendix A Answers to the Chapter Study Questions -- Appendix B Determine Size Using Sample Size Tables -- Appendix C Commonly Used Statistics in Educational Research -- Appendix D Nonnormal Distribution -- Appendix E Strategies for Defending a Research Proposal.
Subject(s):
ISBN:
9780131367395 (alk. paper)
0131367390 (alk. paper)
Bibliography Note:
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
View MARC record | catkey: 7054977