Groundwater hydrology : engineering, planning, and management / Mohammad Karamouz, Azadeh Ahmadi, Hasih Akhbari

Author: Karamouz, Mohammad
Published: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2011]
Copyright Date: ©2011
Physical Description: xxvi, 649 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
Additional Creators: Ahmadi, Azadeh and Akhbari, Masih

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Contents

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.1.1.Water Availability -- 1.1.2.Groundwater Availability -- 1.2.Groundwater Systems -- 1.3.Science and Engineering of Groundwater -- 1.4.Planning and Management of Groundwater -- 1.4.1.Integrated Water Resources Management -- 1.4.2.Conflict Issues in Groundwater -- 1.4.3.Economics of Water -- 1.4.4.Groundwater Sustainability -- 1.4.5.Supply and Demand Side Management -- 1.5.Tools and Techniques -- 1.6.People's Perception: Public Awareness -- 1.7.Groundwater Protection: Concerns and Acts -- 1.7.1.Clean Water Act -- 1.7.2.Groundwater Protection -- 1.7.3.USEPA Groundwater Rule -- 1.8.Overall Organization of This Book -- Problems -- References -- ch. 2 Groundwater Properties -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Vertical Distribution of Subsurface -- 2.3.Aquifers, Aquitards, and Aquicludes -- 2.4.Types of Aquifers -- 2.4.1.Unconfined Aquifer -- 2.4.2.Confined Aquifers -- 2.4.3.Aquitard (Leaky) Aquifer -- 2.5.Groundwater Balance -- 2.5.1.Water Balance in Confined Aquifers -- 2.5.2.Water Balance in Unconfined Aquifers -- 2.5.3.Water Balance in Unsaturated Zone -- 2.6.Compressibility and Effective Stress -- 2.6.1.Compressibility of Water -- 2.6.2.Effective Stress -- 2.6.3.Compressibility of a Porous Medium -- 2.6.4.Effective Stress in the Unsaturated Zone -- 2.7.Aquifer Compressibility -- 2.8.Aquifer Characteristics -- 2.8.1.Porosity and Void Ratio -- 2.8.2.Specific Yield in Unconfined Aquifers -- 2.8.3.Specific Retention -- 2.8.4.Storage Coefficient and Specific Storage -- 2.8.5.Safe Yield of Aquifers -- 2.9.Storage in the Unsaturated Zone -- 2.10.Water-Level Fluctuations -- 2.11.Groundwater in Karst -- 2.11.1.Karst Aquifer -- 2.11.2.Types of Karst -- 2.11.3.Fluctuation of Karst Aquifer -- 2.11.4.Recharge of Karst Aquifer -- 2.11.5.Groundwater Tracing in Karst -- 2.11.6.Water Resources Problems in Karst -- Problems -- References -- ch. 3 Groundwater Hydrology -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Groundwater Movement -- 3.2.1.Darcy's Law -- 3.2.1.1.Validity of Darcy's Law -- 3.2.2.Hydraulic Head -- 3.2.3.Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.2.3.1.Hydraulic Conductivity in Saturated Media -- 3.2.3.2.Hydraulic Conductivity in Unsaturated Media -- 3.2.3.3.Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.2.3.4.Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity -- 3.3.Homogeneous and Isotropic Systems -- 3.3.1.Hydraulic Conductivity in Multilayer Structures -- 3.4.Transmissivity -- 3.5.Dupuit-Forchheimer Theory of Free-Surface Flow -- 3.5.1.Groundwater Flow in Unsaturated Zone -- 3.6.Flownets -- 3.6.1.Isotropic and Homogeneous Media -- 3.6.2.Heterogeneous Media -- 3.6.3.Anisotropic Media -- 3.7.Statistical Methods in Groundwater Hydrology -- 3.7.1.Normal Distribution -- 3.7.2.Lognormal Distribution -- 3.7.3.t-Distribution -- 3.7.4.Chi-Square (χ2) Distribution -- 3.7.5.Errors -- 3.7.5.1.Sampling Error -- 3.7.5.2.Standard Errors -- 3.7.6.Estimating Quantiles (Percentiles) -- 3.7.7.Probability/Frequency/Recurrence Interval -- 3.8.Time Series Analysis -- 3.8.1.Nonstationary Hydrologic Variables -- 3.8.2.Hydrologic Time Series Modeling -- 3.8.3.Data Preparation -- 3.8.4.Parameter Estimation -- 3.8.4.1.Method of Moments -- 3.8.4.2.Method of Least Squares -- 3.8.4.3.Method of Maximum Likelihood -- 3.8.5.Goodness of Fit Tests -- 3.8.5.1.Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test -- 3.8.5.2.Tests of Normality -- 3.8.6.Akaike's Information Criterion -- 3.8.7.Autoregressive Modeling -- 3.8.8.Moving Average Process -- 3.8.9.Autoregressive Moving Average Modeling -- 3.8.9.1.Generation and Forecasting Using ARMA Models -- 3.8.10.Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Modeling -- 3.8.10.1.Time Series Forecasting Using ARIMA Models -- Problems -- Appendix A -- References -- ch. 4 Hydraulics of Groundwater -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Continuity Equation -- 4.3.Equation of Motion in Groundwater -- 4.3.1.Groundwater Flow Equation -- 4.4.Wells -- 4.4.1.Steady Flow into a Well -- 4.4.1.1.Confined Flow -- 4.4.1.2.Unconfined Flow -- 4.4.2.Unsteady State in a Confined Aquifer -- 4.4.2.1.Aquifer Test Application -- 4.4.2.2.Theis Method of Solution -- 4.4.2.3.Cooper-Jacob Method of Solution -- 4.4.3.Unsteady State for Unconfined Aquifer -- 4.5.Multiple-Well Systems -- 4.6.Effective Conditions on Time-Drawdown Data -- 4.6.1.Recharge Boundary -- 4.6.2.Impermeable Boundary -- 4.6.3.Partially Penetrating Wells -- 4.7.Design of Wells -- 4.8.Well Construction -- 4.8.1.Cable-Tool Drilling -- 4.8.2.Rotary Drilling Method -- 4.8.2.1.Well Development -- Problems -- References -- ch. 5 Groundwater Quality -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.Groundwater Constituents and Contaminants -- 5.2.1.Inorganic Contaminants -- 5.2.2.Organic Contaminants -- 5.2.3.Dissolved Gasses -- 5.2.4.Particles -- 5.3.Water Quality Standards -- 5.4.Groundwater Solubility -- 5.5.Disequilibrium and Saturation Index -- 5.6.Sources of Groundwater Contamination -- 5.6.1.Disposal of Solid Wastes -- 5.6.2.Underground Petroleum Tank Leakage -- 5.6.3.Disposal of Liquid Wastes -- 5.6.4.Sewage Disposal on Land -- 5.6.5.Agricultural Activities -- 5.6.6.Other Sources of Contamination -- 5.7.Mass Transport of Dissolved Contaminants -- 5.7.1.Diffusion -- 5.7.2.Advection -- 5.7.3.Mechanical Dispersion -- 5.7.4.Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- 5.7.5.Derivation of the Advection-Dispersion Equation -- 5.7.6.Solute Transport Equation -- 5.7.7.Capture-Zone Curves -- 5.8.Modeling Contaminant Release -- 5.8.1.Modeling Instantaneous Release of Contaminants -- 5.8.1.1.Fourier Analysis in Solute Transport -- 5.8.1.2.Point Spill Model -- 5.8.1.3.Vertically Mixed Spill Model -- 5.8.1.4.Vertical Mixing Region -- 5.8.2.Modeling Continuous Release of Contaminants -- 5.8.2.1.Development of Contaminant Plume Models -- 5.8.2.2.Simple Plume Model -- 5.8.2.3.Point-Source Plume Model -- 5.8.2.4.Gaussian-Source Plume Model -- Problems -- References -- ch. 6 Groundwater Modeling -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Process of Modeling -- 6.3.Mathematical Modeling -- 6.3.1.Analytical Modeling -- 6.3.2.Numerical Modeling -- 6.4.Finite Difference Method -- 6.4.1.Forward Difference Equation -- 6.4.2.Backward Difference Equation -- 6.4.3.Alternating Direction Implicit Method -- 6.4.4.Crank-Nicolson Difference Equation -- 6.5.Finite Element Method -- 6.5.1.Discretize the Problem Domain -- 6.5.2.Derive the Approximating Equations -- 6.5.3.Transient Saturated Flow Equation -- 6.5.4.Solute Transport Equation -- 6.6.Finite Volume Method -- 6.6.1.Steady-State One-Dimensional Flow Equation -- 6.6.2.Unsteady-State One-Dimensional Flow Equation -- 6.6.3.Two-Dimensional Flow Equation -- 6.6.4.Orthogonal Coordinate System -- 6.7.Modflow -- Problems -- References -- ch. 7 Groundwater Planning and Management -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Data Collection -- 7.3.Simulation Techniques -- 7.3.1.Artificial Neural Networks -- 7.3.2.Fuzzy Sets and Parameter Imprecision -- 7.3.3.System Dynamics -- 7.4.Optimization Models for Groundwater Management -- 7.4.1.Optimization Model for Groundwater Operation -- 7.4.2.Optimization Model for Capacity Expansion -- 7.4.3.Optimization Model for Water Allocation -- 7.4.4.Optimization Model for Conjunctive Water Use -- 7.4.5.Optimal Groundwater Quality Management Model -- 7.4.6.Optimization Model for Parameters of Groundwater Model -- 7.5.Optimization Techniques -- 7.5.1.Single-Criterion Optimization -- 7.5.2.Multi-Criteria Optimization -- 7.5.3.Special Methods for Groundwater Optimization -- 7.6.Conflict Resolution -- 7.7.Groundwater Systems Economics -- 7.7.1.Economic Analysis of Multiple Alternatives -- 7.7.2.Economic Evaluation of Projects Using Benefit-Cost Ratio Method -- 7.8.Case Studies -- 7.8.1 Case 1 Development of a System Dynamics Model for Water Transfer -- 7.8.2 Case 2 Conflict Resolution in Water Pollution Control for an Aquifer -- Problems -- References -- ch. 8 Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Interaction between Surface and Groundwater -- 8.2.1.Infiltration -- 8.2.2.Concepts of Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater -- 8.2.3.Bank Storage and Baseflow Recession -- 8.2.3.1.Master-Depletion Curve Method -- 8.2.3.2.Constant-Discharge Baseflow Separation -- 8.2.3.3.Constant-Slope Baseflow Separation -- 8.2.3.4.Concave-Baseflow Separation -- 8.2.4.Groundwater and Lakes -- 8.3.Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater -- 8.3.1.Advantages of Conjunctive Use -- 8.3.2.Surface and Groundwater Conjunctive Use Modeling -- 8.3.3.Multiobjective Conjunctive Use Optimization -- 8.3.4.Case Study 1 Application of Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks in Conjunctive Use of Surface and Groundwater Resources -- 8.3.4.1.Simulation Model -- 8.3.4.2.Optimization Model Framework -- 8.3.4.3.Results and Discussion -- 8.3.5.Case Study 2 Water Allocation from the Aquifer-River System Using a Conflict Resolution Model -- 8.3.5.1.Optimization Model Framework -- 8.3.5.2.Results and Discussion -- 8.3.6.Case Study 3 Conjunctive Use and Crop Pattern Management -- 8.3.6.1.Optimization Model Structure -- 8.3.6.2.Results and Discussion -- 8.4.Operation of Groundwater Resources in Semiarid Region -- Problems -- References -- ch. 9 Aquifer Restoration and Monitoring -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Partitioning Process -- 9.3.Retardation -- 9.4.Natural Losses of Contaminants -- 9.4.1.Volatilization -- 9.4.2.Biological Degradation -- 9.4.3.Plant Uptake -- 9.5.Groundwater Pollution Control -- 9.5.1.Institutional Tools -- 9.5.1.1.Regional Ground Water Management -- 9.5.1.2.Land Zoning -- 9.5.1.3.Effluent Charges/Credits -- 9.5.1.4.Guidelines -- 9.5.1.5.Aquifer Standards and Criteria -- 9.5.2.Source Control Strategies -- 9.5.3.Stabilization/Solidification Strategies -- 9.5.4.Well Systems -- 9.5.5.Interceptor Systems -- 9.5.6.Surface Water Control, Capping, and Liners -- 9.5.7.Sheet Piling -- 9.5.8.Grouting -- 9.5.9.Slurry Walls -- 9.6.Treatment of Groundwater -- 9.6.1.Air Sparging -- 9.6.2.Carbon Adsorption -- and Contents note continued: 9.6.3.Adding Chemicals and In-Situ Chemical Oxidation -- 9.6.4.Thermal Technologies -- 9.6.5.Bioremediation Techniques -- 9.6.6.Dissolved Phase (Plume) Remediation -- 9.6.6.1.Pump and Treat -- 9.6.6.2.Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 9.7.Monitoring Subsurface Water -- 9.7.1.Vadose-Zone Monitoring -- 9.7.2.Groundwater Monitoring -- 9.7.3.Water Quality Variable Selection -- 9.7.4.Geostatistical Tools for Water Quality Monitoring Networks -- 9.7.4.1.Kriging -- 9.7.5.Location of Water Quality Monitoring Stations -- 9.7.5.1.Definition and Discretization of the Model Domain -- 9.7.5.2.Calculation of Weights for Candidate Monitoring Sites -- 9.7.5.3.Optimal Configuration of Monitoring Well Network -- 9.7.5.4.Kriging Method in Designing Optimal Monitoring Well Network -- 9.7.5.5.Genetic Algorithms in Designing Optimal Monitoring Well Network -- 9.7.6.Sampling Frequency -- 9.7.6.1.Methods of Selecting Sampling Frequencies -- 9.7.6.2.Single Station and Single Water Quality Variable -- 9.7.6.3.Single Station and Multiple Water Quality Variables -- 9.7.6.4.Multiple Stations and Single Water Quality Variable -- 9.7.6.5.Multiple Stations and Multiple Water Quality Variables -- 9.7.7.Entropy Theory in Water Quality Monitoring Network -- 9.7.7.1.Entropy Theory -- 9.8.Summary -- Problems -- References -- ch. 10 Groundwater Risk and Disaster Management -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Groundwater Risk Assessment -- 10.2.1.Elements of Risk Assessment -- 10.2.2.Assessment of Dose-Response -- 10.2.3.Risk Assessment Methods and Tools -- 10.2.3.1.Potency Factor for Cancer-Causing Substances -- 10.2.4.Environmental Risk Analysis -- 10.3.Groundwater Risk Management -- 10.3.1.Groundwater Risk Mitigation -- 10.4.Groundwater Disaster -- 10.4.1.Requirements for Institutional and Technical Capacities -- 10.4.2.Prevention and Mitigation of Natural and Man-Induced Disasters -- 10.4.3.Disaster Management Phases -- 10.5.Disaster Indices -- 10.5.1.Reliability -- 10.5.2.Resiliency -- 10.5.3.Vulnerability -- 10.6.Groundwater Vulnerability -- 10.6.1.Drought -- 10.6.1.1.Drought Indicators -- 10.6.1.2.Drought Triggers -- 10.6.1.3.Drought Management Strategy Plan -- 10.6.1.4.Drought Vulnerability Maps -- 10.6.1.5.Drought Early Warning Systems -- 10.6.1.6.Case Study -- 10.6.1.7.Qanats -- 10.6.2.Flood -- 10.6.2.1.Maps of Groundwater Flood Hazard -- 10.6.3.Land Subsidence -- 10.6.3.1.Subsidence Calculation -- 10.6.3.2.Monitoring Land Subsidence -- 10.6.3.3.Reducing Future Subsidence -- 10.6.3.4.Examples of Subsidence -- 10.6.4.Widespread Contamination -- 10.6.4.1.Vulnerability Assessment in Groundwater Pollution -- 10.6.4.2.DRASTIC Method -- Problems -- References -- ch. 11 Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Climate Change -- 11.3.Climate Change Impacts on Hydrological Cycle -- 11.3.1.Floods and Droughts -- 11.3.2.Agricultural Droughts -- 11.3.3.Water Use -- 11.3.4.Water Quality -- 11.3.5.Habitat -- 11.3.6.Hydroelectric Power -- 11.3.7.Snowpack -- 11.3.8.River Flow -- 11.4.General Climate Change Impacts on Groundwater -- 11.4.1.Hydrological Components Affecting the Groundwater -- 11.4.1.1.Temperature and Evaporation -- 11.4.1.2.Precipitation -- 11.4.1.3.Soil Moisture -- 11.4.2.Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 11.4.2.1.Groundwater Recharge -- 11.4.2.2.Recharge Estimation Methods -- 11.4.2.3.Aquifers Recharging -- 11.4.2.4.Hydraulic Conductivity -- 11.4.3.Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 11.4.3.1.Sea-Level Rise -- 11.4.3.2.Saltwater Intrusion -- 11.4.3.3.Ghyben-Herzberg Relation between Freshwater and Saline Waters -- 11.4.3.4.Island Freshwater Lens -- 11.4.3.5.Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.5.Groundwater Quantity and Quality Concerns -- 11.5.1.Depletion of Groundwater Table -- 11.5.2.Deterioration of Groundwater Quality -- 11.5.2.1.Increasing Groundwater Contamination -- 11.5.2.2.Salinization of Groundwater by Sea-Level Rise -- 11.6.Adaptation to Climate Change -- 11.6.1.Artificial Recharge -- 11.6.2.Modification of Groundwater Extraction Pattern -- 11.6.3.Injection Barrier -- 11.6.4.Subsurface Barrier -- 11.6.5.Tidal Regulators -- 11.7.Climate Change Simulation -- 11.7.1.Spatial Variability -- 11.7.1.1.Downscaling -- 11.7.1.2.Regional Models -- 11.7.2.Statistical Downscaling -- 11.8.Downscaling Models -- 11.8.1.Statistical Downscaling Model -- 11.8.2.LARS-WG Model -- 11.9.Climate Change Impacts on Water Availability in an Aquifer -- 11.10.Conclusion -- Problems -- References.

Subject(s)

ISBN

9781439837566
1439837562

Bibliography Note

Includes bibliographic references and index.

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