Rotary drilling and blasting in large surface mines / Bhalchandra V. Gokhale
- Author:
- Gokhale, B. V. (Bhalchandra V.)
- Published:
- Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2011]
- Copyright Date:
- ©2011
- Physical Description:
- xxxiii, 744 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm
- Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: 1.Surface rock excavation scenario -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.2.Need for surface rock excavation -- 1.2.1.Recovery of minerals or crushed rock -- 1.2.2.Creation of unobstructed space -- 1.3.Strength of rock mass and classes -- 1.4.Drill and blast operations -- 1.5.Options to drill and blast -- 1.5.1.Water jetting -- 1.5.2.Machine digging -- 1.5.3.Ripping -- 1.5.4.Rock breaking -- 1.6.Oilwell drilling -- 2.An overview of blasthole drilling -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Basic concepts of drilling -- 2.3.Peculiarities of blasthole drilling -- 2.4.Comparison of drilling methods -- 2.5.Choice of a blasthole drilling method -- 3.Properties of rocks -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Earth and its interior -- 3.3.Geological cycle -- 3.3.1.Igneous rocks -- 3.3.2.Sedimentary rocks -- 3.3.3.Metamorphic rocks -- 3.3.3.1.Contact metamorphism -- 3.3.3.2.Regional metamorphism -- 3.3.3.3.Dynamic metamorphism -- 3.3.3.4.Impact metamorphism -- 3.4.Formation of rock mass -- 3.4.1.Volcanic activities -- 3.4.1.1.Extrusive structures -- 3.4.1.2.Hypabyssal structures -- 3.4.2.Plutonic structures -- 3.4.3.Surface activities -- 3.5.Soils, rocks and their profile -- 3.6.Occurrence of minerals -- 3.7.Rock specimen properties -- 3.7.1.Density -- 3.7.2.Compressive strength -- 3.7.3.Tensile strength -- 3.7.4.Hardness -- 3.7.4.1.Shore hardness -- 3.7.4.2.Vickers hardness -- 3.7.5.Toughness -- 3.7.6.Brittleness -- 3.7.7.Coefficient of internal friction -- 3.7.8.Swell factor -- 3.7.9.Abrasiveness -- 3.7.9.1.Cerchar abrasiveness test -- 3.7.9.2.Miniature drill test -- 3.7.9.3.Bit wear test -- 4.Brief history of rotary blasthole drilling -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Era of shot hole drilling -- 4.3.Rotary drilling -- 4.4.Rotary blasthole drilling -- 4.5.Truck mounted rotary blasthole drills -- 5.Rotary blasthole drilling bits -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.Drag bits -- 5.2.1.Blade bits -- 5.2.2.Claw bits -- 5.2.3.Feed force and rotation of drag bits -- 5.3.Tricone bits -- 5.3.1.Types and nomenclature -- 5.3.2.Geometrical design aspects -- 5.3.2.1.Fluid circulation -- 5.3.2.1.1.Air cooled tricone bits -- 5.3.2.1.2.Sealed bearing bits -- 5.3.2.2.Size and shapes of teeth -- 5.3.2.3.Cone size -- 5.3.2.4.Number of teeth -- 5.3.2.5.Cone orientation -- 5.3.2.6.Top connections -- 5.3.3.Metallurgy -- 5.3.3.1.Materials -- 5.3.3.2.Heat treatment -- 5.3.4.Summary of design features -- 5.3.5.Bit load and rotation of tricone bits -- 5.3.6.IADC code -- 5.4.Dull bit analysis -- 5.4.1.Bit observation -- 5.4.1.1.Observation during drilling operation -- 5.4.1.2.Observation after bit withdrawal -- 5.4.1.3.Observation at final bit rejection -- 5.5.Bit records -- 5.5.1.General data -- 5.5.2.Formation data -- 5.5.3.Blasthole drill and accessories details -- 5.5.4.Bit performance details -- 5.5.5.Bit discard details -- 5.6.Bit failure analysis and remedy -- 5.7.Discarding drill bits -- 6.Rotary blasthole drilling accessories -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Drill pipes -- 6.2.1.Integral drill pipes -- 6.2.2.Fabricated drill pipes -- 6.2.3.Choice of a drill pipe -- 6.3.Stabilizers -- 6.3.1.Replaceable sleeve stabilizers -- 6.3.2.Welded blade stabilizers -- 6.3.3.Integral blade stabilizers -- 6.3.4.Roller stabilizers -- 6.4.Crossover subs -- 6.5.Shock absorbers -- 6.5.1.External shock absorber -- 6.5.2.In the hole shock absorbers -- 6.6.Miscellaneous accessories -- 6.6.1.Thread protectors -- 6.6.2.Lifting bails and hoisting plugs -- 6.6.3.Blasthole plugs -- 6.6.4.Rotary deck bushing -- 6.6.5.Drill stem wrench -- 6.6.6.Bit breaker -- 6.6.7.Blasthole inclinometer -- 6.6.8.Blasthole camera -- 6.6.9.Feed force measuring kit -- 6.6.10.Blasthole dewatering pump -- 6.6.11.Recovery tools -- 6.6.12.Blasthole sampler -- 6.6.13.Laser measuring instruments -- 6.7.Miscellaneous safety items -- 6.7.1.Close fitting shirt and long pants -- 6.7.2.Safety glasses -- 6.7.3.Safety toed shoes -- 6.7.4.Ear plugs or ear muffs -- 6.7.5.Safety vest -- 6.7.6.Respirator -- 6.7.7.Raincoat -- 6.7.8.Face shield -- 7.Rotary blasthole drills -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Assemblies in rotary blasthole drills -- 7.2.1.Assembly placement -- 7.3.Types of rotary blasthole drills -- 7.3.1.Special purpose rotary blasthole drills -- 7.3.2.Conventional rotary blasthole drills -- 7.3.2.1.Crawler mounted rotary blasthole drills -- 7.3.2.2.Carrier mounted rotary blasthole drills -- 7.3.2.3.Comparison of crawler vs. carrier -- 7.4.Layouts of rotary blasthole drills -- 7.5.Details of assemblies -- 7.5.1.Assemblies in the lower group -- 7.5.1.1.Carrier undercarriage -- 7.5.1.2.Crawler undercarriage -- 7.5.1.2.1.Slewing crawler undercarriage -- 7.5.1.2.2.Pivoted crawler undercarriage -- 7.5.1.2.3.Crawler track components -- 7.5.2.Assemblies in the upper group -- 7.5.2.1.Main frame -- 7.5.2.2.Leveling jacks -- 7.5.2.3.Prime mover -- 7.5.2.4.Compressor -- 7.5.2.5.Hydraulic system -- 7.5.2.6.Bit lubricating system -- 7.5.2.7.Automatic lubrication system -- 7.5.2.8.Radiators and oil coolers -- 7.5.2.9.Machinery house -- 7.5.2.10.Dust control system -- 7.5.2.10.1.Wet dust control -- 7.5.2.10.2.Dry dust control -- 7.5.2.11.Operator's cab -- 7.5.2.12.Driver's cab -- 7.5.2.13.Fuel tanks -- 7.5.2.14.Transformer and cable reel -- 7.5.3.Assemblies in the mast group -- 7.5.3.1.Mast -- 7.5.3.2.Mast raising cylinders and mast braces -- 7.5.3.3.Mast ladder -- 7.5.3.4.Pipe changer -- 7.5.3.4.1.Carousel pipe changers -- 7.5.3.4.2.Single pipe changers -- 7.5.3.5.Bit changer -- 7.5.3.6.Angle hole attachments -- 7.5.3.7.Rotary head -- 7.5.3.8.Feed mechanism -- 7.5.3.8.1.Double drum and wire rope -- 7.5.3.8.2.Hydraulic cylinder and wire rope -- 7.5.3.8.3.Hydraulic cylinder and chain -- 7.5.3.8.4.Fixed sprockets and chain -- 7.5.3.8.5.Rack and pinion with chain -- 7.5.3.8.6.Chainless rack and pinion -- 7.5.3.9.Auxiliary winch -- 7.5.3.10.Tool handling jib -- 7.5.3.11.Centralizer -- 7.5.4.Special purpose items -- 7.5.4.1.Language name plate -- 7.5.4.2.Lighting -- 7.5.4.3.Fast fuel fill system -- 7.5.4.4.Depth indicator -- 7.5.4.5.Fast retract system -- 7.5.4.6.Tow hook -- 7.5.4.7.Fire extinguishers -- 7.5.4.8.Automatic fire suppression system -- 7.5.4.9.Welding outlet -- 7.5.4.10.Automatic leveling system -- 7.5.4.11.Remote propel control -- 7.5.4.12.Air conditioners -- 7.5.4.13.Heaters -- 7.5.4.14.Hydraulic test station -- 7.5.4.15.Video camera system -- 7.6.Extreme cold operation devices -- 7.6.1.Engine starting aid -- 7.6.1.1.Glow plugs -- 7.6.1.2.Manifold flame heater -- 7.6.2.Batteries -- 7.6.3.Double wall machinery house -- 7.6.4.Machinery house heater -- 7.6.5.Operator cab heater -- 7.6.6.Other enclosures and heaters -- 7.6.7.Protective coating on steel components -- 7.7.Comparison of types of blasthole drills -- 8.Compressed air and air compressors -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Compressed air -- 8.2.1.Gas laws -- 8.2.1.1.Boyle's law -- 8.2.1.2.Charles' law -- 8.2.1.3.Guy Lussac's law -- 8.2.1.4.Joule's law -- 8.2.1.5.Poisson's law -- 8.2.1.6.Amagat's law -- 8.2.1.7.Avogadro's law -- 8.2.1.8.General gas law -- 8.2.2.Power required for air compression -- 8.3.Flow of compressed air -- 8.3.1.Compressed air flow in steel pipes -- 8.3.1.1.Simplified formulae -- 8.3.1.1.1.Harris formula -- 8.3.1.1.2.Engineering toolbox formula -- 8.3.2.Compressed air flow in hose pipes -- 8.3.3.Compressed air flow in pipe fittings -- 8.3.4.Effect of ups and downs in the flow path -- 8.3.5.Effect of curvature in the flow path -- 8.3.6.Compressed air flow through nozzles -- 8.3.7.Leakage of compressed air -- 8.4.Compressors used on blasthole drills -- 8.4.1.Sliding vane rotary compressors -- 8.4.2.Rotary screw compressors -- 8.4.3.Discharge and pressure control -- 8.4.3.1.Load/no load control -- 8.4.3.2.Modulation control -- 8.4.3.3.Load/no load and modulation control -- 8.5.Measurements of compressed air -- 9.Mechanics of rock fracture under a drill bit -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Rock fracture in drilling -- 9.2.1.Modes of fragmentation -- 9.2.2.1.Mechanical energy -- 9.2.2.1.1.Crushing -- 9.2.2.1.2.Impact crushing -- 9.2.2.1.3.Scratching -- 9.2.2.2.Heat energy -- 9.2.2.2.1.Spalling -- 9.2.2.2.2.Fusion and vaporization -- 9.2.2.3.Chemical energy -- 9.3.Basic theory of solid fracture -- 9.3.1.Mohr-Coulomb theory of shear failure -- 9.3.2.Griffith theory of tensile failure -- 9.4.Fracture of rock in drilling -- 9.4.1.Penetration of an indenter -- 9.4.2.Penetration of a wedge -- 9.4.3.Formation fracture below a drill bit -- 9.4.4.Specific energy -- 9.5.Drillability of rocks -- 9.6.Estimation of penetration rate -- 9.6.1.Protodyakonov approach -- 9.6.2.Paone and Bruce approach -- 9.6.3.Bauer, Calder and Workman approach -- 9.6.4.Specific energy approach -- 9.6.5.Microbit test approach -- 9.6.6.Indenter test approach -- 10.Flushing the blasthole -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Why compressed air? -- 10.3.Schematics of flushing -- 10.3.1.Gravitational force -- 10.3.2.Buoyant force -- 10.3.3.Drag force -- 10.3.4.Terminal velocity -- 10.3.5.Laws for settlement of particles in fluid -- 10.4.Formulation of desired bailing velocity -- 10.4.1.Size of fragments -- 10.4.2.Density of fragments -- 10.4.3.Roundness of fragments -- 10.4.4.Roughness of fragments -- 10.4.5.Rate of fragmentation -- 10.4.6.Annular space -- 10.4.7.Inclination of the blasthole -- 10.4.8.Quantity of water injection -- 10.4.9.Other approaches -- 10.5.Formulation of compressed air pressure -- 10.5.1.Oil injection -- 10.6.Choosing a drill pipe -- 10.6.1.Drill pipe dimensional parameters -- 10.6.2.Drill pipe surface treatment -- 10.6.3.Size and shape of drill cuttings -- 10.6.4.Bailing velocity -- 10.6.5.Drill pipe wall thickness -- 10.7.Discarding a drill pipe -- 10.8.Choosing nozzles for tricone bits -- 10.9.Choosing the right compressor -- 11.Effect of altitude and severe weather -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Atmosphere -- 11.2.1.Effects of altitude on atmosphere -- 11.2.2.Effects of humidity on atmosphere -- 11.3.Effect of scarce air in drilling -- 11.3.1.Diesel engines --, Contents note continued: 11.3.2.Electric motors and transformers -- 11.3.3.Hydraulic system -- 11.3.4.Air compressors -- 11.3.5.Blasthole flushing -- 11.3.6.Drill lubrication -- 11.4.Effect of severe weather -- 11.4.1.Stormy winds -- 11.4.2.Heavy rainfall -- 11.4.3.Heavy snowfall -- 11.4.4.Extreme hot weather -- 11.4.5.Extreme cold weather -- 12.Computers in rotary blasthole drilling -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.2.Drill operation -- 12.2.1.Tramming -- 12.2.2.Leveling -- 12.2.3.Drilling and pipe handling -- 12.3.Modes of blasthole drill computerization -- 12.4.Drilling knowledge systems -- 12.4.1.Formation logging units -- 12.4.2.Analog drilling recorders -- 12.4.3.Electronic drilling recorders -- 12.4.4.Parameters of drilling knowledge data -- 12.5.Positioning by GPS -- 12.5.1.Location recognition by GPS -- 12.5.2.Movement of drill by using GPS -- 12.6.Computerized drill systems -- 12.6.1.Measurements while drilling -- 12.6.1.1.Independent parameters -- 12.6.1.1.1.Time -- 12.6.1.1.2.Depth -- 12.6.1.1.3.Rotary speed -- 12.6.1.1.4.Weight on the bit -- 12.6.1.1.5.Torque -- 12.6.1.1.6.Vibrations -- 12.6.1.1.7.Compressed air pressure -- 12.6.1.2.Calculated parameters -- 12.6.1.2.1.Rate of penetration -- 12.6.1.2.2.Blastability index -- 12.6.2.Automation systems -- 12.7.Hardware for drill computerization -- 12.7.1.System unit -- 12.7.2.Display monitor -- 12.7.3.Input device -- 12.7.4.Software -- 12.8.Advantages of drill computerization -- 12.8.1.Advantages of drilling knowledge system -- 12.8.2.Advantages of drill automation system -- 12.8.3.Advantages of GPS positioning system -- 12.8.4.Advantages of integrated mining system -- 12.8.5.Advantage of added safety -- 12.8.5.1.Blasthole depth limiting input -- 12.8.5.2.Tram interlock for pipe in hole -- 12.8.5.3.Centralizer damage prevention -- 12.8.5.4.Leveling jack interlock -- 12.8.5.5.Carousel damage prevention -- 12.8.5.6.Breakout wrench damage prevention -- 13.Concepts for rotary blasthole drill design -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Primary requirements of the drill -- 13.3.Size and weight of the drill -- 13.4.Rotary speed and torque -- 13.5.Feed force and speed -- 13.6.Pullout force and speed -- 13.7.Breakout torque -- 13.8.Hydraulic leveling jacks -- 13.9.Ground load bearing -- 13.10.Compressor discharge and pressure -- 13.11.Engine power -- 14.Cost analysis of rotary blasthole drilling -- 14.1.Introduction -- 14.2.Working pattern of a blasthole drill -- 14.3.Factors related to blasthole drilling cost -- 14.4.Owning cost -- 14.4.1.Purchase expenditure -- 14.4.2.Yearly taxes, duties and levies -- 14.4.3.Salvage value -- 14.4.4.Calculation of owning cost -- 14.4.4.1.Single installment -- 14.4.4.2.Multiple installments -- 14.5.Operating cost -- 14.5.1.Cost of maintenance and repairs -- 14.5.2.Cost of consumables -- 14.5.2.1.Cost of power -- 14.5.2.2.Drill lubricants -- 14.5.2.3.Oils -- 14.5.2.4.Water -- 14.5.2.5.Tires -- 14.5.2.6.Power cable -- 14.5.3.Cost of accessories and bits -- 14.5.3.1.Drilling accessories -- 14.5.3.2.Tricone bits -- 14.5.4.Cost of operating labor -- 14.6.Overhead cost -- 14.7.Total blasthole drilling cost -- 14.8.General considerations in cost estimation -- 14.9.Example of cost estimation -- 15.Procurement of rotary blasthole drills -- 15.1.Introduction -- 15.2.Pre procurement considerations -- 15.2.1.Which drilling method? -- 15.2.2.What type of drill? -- 15.2.3.How many blasthole drills? -- 15.3.Procurement methodology -- 15.3.1.Draft of specification for the drill -- 15.3.2.Erection and commissioning of the drill -- 15.3.3.Drill manuals -- 15.3.4.Operation and maintenance training -- 16.Tips for operating rotary blasthole drills -- 16.1.Introduction -- 16.2.Knowing the environment -- 16.3.Moving the rotary blasthole drill -- 16.4.Setting up the rotary blasthole drill -- 16.5.Operating a rotary blasthole drill -- 16.6.Controlling dust emissions -- 16.7.Transporting the drill -- 16.8.Maintenance activities -- 16.9.Periodical check ups -- 16.10.Drilling records -- 16.11.Safety precautions -- 17.Mechanics of blast fragmentation -- 17.1.Introduction -- 17.2.Explosion process -- 17.3.Formation of a crater by a blast -- 17.4.Blast fragmentation mechanism -- 17.4.1.Crushing of rock -- 17.4.2.Radial cracking -- 17.4.3.Circumferential cracking -- 17.4.4.Spalling -- 17.4.5.Radial push by gases -- 17.4.6.Cracking by flexure -- 17.4.7.Collision of fragments -- 17.4.8.Separation of beds -- 18.Properties of explosives -- 18.1.Introduction -- 18.2.Explosives -- 18.3.Properties of explosives -- 18.3.1.Velocity of detonation -- 18.3.2.Detonation pressure -- 18.3.3.Blasthole pressure -- 18.3.4.Strength -- 18.3.4.1.Weight and bulk strength -- 18.3.4.2.Absolute and relative strength -- 18.3.5.Heat of explosion -- 18.3.6.Specific gas volume -- 18.3.7.Sensitivity -- 18.3.7.1.Sensitivity to shocks -- 18.3.7.2.Sensitivity to friction -- 18.3.7.3.Sensitivity to heat -- 18.3.7.4.Sensitivity to detonator strength -- 18.3.7.5.Gap sensitivity -- 18.3.8.Handling and transport safety -- 18.3.9.Brisance value -- 18.3.10.Charging density -- 18.3.11.Toxic fumes -- 18.3.12.Water resistance -- 18.3.13.Hygroscopicity -- 18.3.14.Storage life -- 18.3.15.Volatility -- 18.3.16.Material coexistence -- 18.3.17.Minimum hole diameter -- 19.Thermochemistry of explosives -- 19.1.Introduction -- 19.2.Chemical nature of explosives -- 19.3.Reactions of explosive chemicals -- 19.3.1.Oxygen balance -- 19.3.2.Volume of products of explosion -- 19.3.3.Heat of explosion -- 19.3.4.Strength of explosive -- 20.Explosives -- their history and composition -- 20.1.Introduction -- 20.2.Brief history of explosives -- 20.3.Types of explosives in a blasthole -- 20.3.1.Detonator (blasting cap) -- 20.3.2.Primary explosive -- 20.3.3.Booster -- 20.3.4.Main explosive -- 20.3.4.1.Nitroglycerin -- 20.3.4.2.Nitrocellulose -- 20.3.4.3.Ammonium nitrate -- 20.3.4.4.Sodium nitrate -- 20.3.4.5.Fuel oil -- 20.3.4.6.Wood pulp -- 20.3.4.7.Sulfur -- 20.3.4.8.Antacid -- 20.4.Explosive mixes used in mine blasts -- 20.4.1.Dry blasting agents -- 20.4.1.1.Poured ANFO -- 20.4.1.2.Packaged ANFO -- 20.4.1.3.Heavy ANFO -- 20.4.2.Slurry -- 20.4.2.1.Bulk slurry -- 20.4.2.2.Cartridged slurry -- 20.4.3.Emulsions -- 20.4.4.Dynamite -- 20.4.4.1.Granular dynamite -- 20.4.4.2.Gelatin dynamite -- 21.Tests on explosives -- 21.1.Introduction -- 21.2.Tests for measurements of VOD -- 21.2.1.D'Autriche method -- 21.2.2.Chronograph method -- 21.2.3.Fiber optic sensor method -- 21.2.4.SLIFFR method -- 21.2.5.Optical measurement method -- 21.3.Tests for measurement of strength -- 21.3.1.Ballistic mortar test -- 21.3.2.Cratering test -- 21.3.3.Underwater test -- 21.3.4.Plate dent test -- 21.3.5.Traulz lead block test -- 21.3.6.Cylinder compression test -- 21.4.Tests for measurement of sensitivity -- 21.4.1.Shock sensitivity test -- 21.4.2.Heat resistance test -- 21.4.3.Cap sensitivity test -- 21.4.4.Gap sensitivity test -- 21.4.5.Friction sensitivity test -- 21.4.6.Electrostatic discharge sensitivity test -- 21.5.Tests related to storage of explosive -- 21.5.1.Effect of wetness test -- 21.5.2.Internal ignition test -- 21.5.3.Material compatibility test -- 21.5.4.Vacuum stability test -- 21.6.Miscellaneous tests -- 21.6.1.Critical diameter test -- 21.6.2.Critical height test -- 21.6.3.Bullet impact test -- 21.6.4.Koenen test -- 22.Blasting consumable and accessories -- 22.1.Introduction -- 22.2.Blasting consumables -- 22.2.1.Initiation transmission line -- 22.2.1.1.Safety fuse for transmitting fire -- 22.2.1.2.Electric transmission wires -- 22.2.1.3.Detonating cord for transmitting detonation -- 22.2.1.4.Detonating cord for transmitting shock -- 22.2.1.5.Hercudet tube for transmitting fire -- 22.2.2.Detonator -- 22.2.2.1.Delay element -- 22.2.2.2.Electric detonators -- 22.2.2.2.1.Solid pack electric detonator -- 22.2.2.2.2.Fusehead electric detonator -- 22.2.2.2.3.Exploding bridgewire detonator -- 22.2.2.3.Non-electric detonators -- 22.2.2.4.Electronic detonators -- 22.3.Blasting instruments -- 22.3.1.Testing instruments -- 22.3.1.1.Blaster's multimeter -- 22.3.1.2.Blaster's ohmmeter -- 22.3.1.3.Blaster's tagger -- 22.3.2.Initiating instruments -- 22.3.2.1.Safety fuse initiator -- 22.3.2.2.Electric detonation initiator -- 22.3.2.3.Generator type blast initiator -- 22.3.2.4.Capacitor discharge type blast initiator -- 22.3.2.5.Detonation wave initiator -- 22.3.2.6.Shock wave initiator -- 22.3.2.7.Hercudet system initiator -- 22.3.2.8.Electronic blast initiator -- 22.3.3.Measuring instruments -- 22.3.3.1.Hot hole meter -- 22.3.3.2.Burden measuring instrument -- 22.3.3.3.Seismograph -- 22.3.3.4.VOD meter -- 22.3.3.5.High speed camera -- 22.4.Blasting tools and miscellaneous items -- 23.Hazards to and from blasting -- 23.1.Introduction -- 23.2.Hazards to blasting process -- 23.2.1.Presence of ground structure -- 23.2.2.Seepage of ground water -- 23.2.3.Hot blastholes -- 23.2.4.Hole deviation -- 23.3.Hazards of blasting process -- 23.3.1.Misfires -- 23.3.1.1.Faulty safety fuse installation -- 23.3.1.2.Faulty electric blasting circuits -- 23.3.1.3.Faulty detonating cord circuits -- 23.3.1.4.Faults of exploder or faulty operation -- 23.3.1.5.Unnoticed ground water inflow -- 23.3.2.Ground vibrations -- 23.3.2.1.Nature of ground vibration waves -- 23.3.2.2.Prediction of ground vibration levels -- 23.3.2.2.1.Langefors formula -- 23.3.2.2.2.Scaled distance formula -- 23.3.2.3.Damage by ground vibrations -- 23.3.3.Air blast -- 23.3.3.1.Prediction of air blast pressure -- 23.3.3.2.Damage by air blast pressure -- 23.3.4.Fly rocks -- 23.3.5.Air pollution -- 23.3.6.Environmental changes -- 24.Properties of rock masses -- 24.1.Introduction -- 24.2.Rock specimen properties and blasting -- 24.2.1.Influence of rock strength on blasting -- 24.2.2.Influence of rock density on blasting -- 24.2.3.Influence of rock porosity on blasting -- 24.2.4.Specimen blastability -- 24.3.Properties of rock masses and blasting -- 24.3.1.Voids --, and Contents note continued: 24.3.2.Folds, unconformities and bedding planes -- 24.3.2.1.Shooting with the dip -- 24.3.2.2.Shooting against the dip -- 24.3.2.3.Shooting along the strike -- 24.3.3.Faults and joints -- 24.4.Classification of rock masses -- 24.4.1.Classification by visual observation -- 24.4.2.Classification by index -- 24.4.2.1.RQD based classification -- 24.4.2.2.RMR based classification -- 24.4.2.3.RTQI based classification -- 24.4.3.BI index based classification -- 24.4.3.1.Index proposed by Hansen (1968) -- 24.4.3.2.Index proposed by Hainen and Dimock (1976) -- 24.4.3.3.Index proposed by Ashby (1977) -- 24.4.3.4.Index proposed by Langefors (1978) -- 24.4.3.5.Index proposed by Lilly (1986) -- 24.4.3.6.Index proposed by Ghose (1988) -- 24.4.3.7.Index proposed by Gupta (1990) -- 24.4.3.8.Index proposed by JKMRC (1996) -- 24.4.3.9.Index proposed by Han, Weiya and Shouvi (2000) -- 25.Methods and patterns of charging blastholes -- 25.1.Introduction -- 25.2.Mechanized blasthole charging system -- 25.2.1.Trucks for loading ANFO or heavy ANFO -- 25.2.2.Trucks for loading slurry or emulsion -- 25.2.3.Safety features of bulk delivery system -- 25.3.Blasthole charging pattern -- 25.3.1.Type and placement of primer -- 25.3.2.Direction of propagation of detonation -- 25.3.2.1.Top priming -- 25.3.2.2.Bottom priming -- 25.3.2.3.Multi point priming -- 25.3.3.Continuous side initiation -- 25.3.4.Air decking -- 25.3.5.Priming under special rock mass conditions -- 25.3.5.1.Well defined ore layer -- 25.3.5.2.Heavy water seepage in blasthole -- 25.3.5.3.Hard boulder in soft bed -- 25.3.5.4.Cavities in the rock mass -- 25.4.Drilling and firing patterns -- 25.4.1.Drilling patterns -- 25.4.2.Firing patterns -- 25.4.2.1."V" pattern -- 25.4.2.2.Echelon delay pattern -- 25.4.2.3.Flat face pattern -- 25.4.2.4.Channel delay pattern -- 25.4.2.5.Sinking hole pattern -- 26.Design of a surface blast -- 26.1.Introduction -- 26.2.Blastholes in a mine bench -- 26.3.Types of blasting in surface mines -- 26.3.1.Conventional bench blasting -- 26.3.2.Secondary blasting -- 26.3.3.Cast blasting -- 26.3.4.Presplitting -- 26.3.5.Snake hole blasting -- 26.3.6.Rip rap blasting -- 26.4.What is involved in design of a blast -- 26.4.1.Powder factor -- 26.4.2.Blasting direction -- 26.4.3.Number of free faces -- 26.4.4.Blasthole diameter -- 26.4.4.1.Desired rate of production -- 26.4.4.2.Desired fragmentation -- 26.4.4.3.Properties of rock specimen -- 26.4.4.4.Presence of geological structures -- 26.4.5.Blasthole depth -- 26.4.5.1.Combination of shovel and dumper -- 26.4.5.2.Walking dragline -- 26.4.5.3.Combination of wheel loader and dumper -- 26.4.6.Blasthole inclination -- 26.4.7.Burden -- 26.4.8.Blasthole spacing -- 26.4.9.Subdrilling -- 26.4.10.Stemming height -- 26.4.11.Size of the blast -- 26.5.Calculation of burden -- 26.6.Relationship of blasthole parameters -- 26.7.Design of conventional surface blast -- 26.8.Design of other types of blasts -- 26.8.1.Rip rap production blasting -- 26.8.2.Snake hole blasting -- 26.8.3.Cast blasting.
- Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 9780415878784 (hardback)
0415878780 (hardback) - Note:
- Includes index.
- Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
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