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Fluoropolymer additives [electronic resource] / Sina Ebnesajjad, Richard A. Morgan

Author:
Ebnesajjad, Sina
Published:
Oxford : William Andrew, 2012.
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (xiii, 296 pages)
Additional Creators:
Morgan, Richard A. and ScienceDirect (Online service)
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Contents:
Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.2.Uniqueness of Fluorine -- 1.3.Fluorine Characteristics -- 1.3.1.Fluorination -- 1.3.2.Reactivity-An Extreme Element -- 1.3.3.Preparation of Fluorine -- 1.3.4.Inorganic Chemistry -- 1.3.5.Organic Chemistry -- 1.3.6.Fluorine and Nature -- References -- 2.Descriptions of Fluoropolymer Additives -- 2.1.Introduction -- 2.2.Polymeric Fluorinated Additives -- 2.2.1.Polytetrafluoroethylene Homopolymer Additives -- 2.2.2.Fluoroelastomer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) -- 2.2.3.Vinylidene Fluoride Polymer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) -- 2.3.Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Additives -- 2.4.PTFE-Modified Waxes -- 2.5.Fluorinated Graphite -- 2.6.Fluorination -- References -- 3.Manufacturing and Properties of High-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives -- 3.1.Introduction -- 3.2.Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Preparation -- 3.3.Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene -- 3.4.Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene -- 3.5.Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers -- 3.5.1.Ammonium Perfluorooetanoate (APFO, also C8) -- 3.6.Polymerization Mechanism -- 3.7.Suspension Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene -- 3.7.1.Finishing Technologies of Granular PTFE -- 3.8.Emulsion Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene -- 3.8.1.Dispersion Products -- 3.8.2.Fine Powder (Coagulated Dispersion) Products -- 3.9.Characterization of Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.9.1.Granular PTFE Resins -- 3.9.2.Fine Powder PTFE Resins -- 3.9.3.Dispersions of PTFE -- References -- 4.Manufacturing and Properties of Low-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.Molecular Weight Reduction -- 4.3.Degradation of Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 4.4.Production Methods -- 4.4.1.Production of Fluoroadditives by Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) -- 4.4.2.Production of Fluoroadditives by Electron Beam Irradiation -- 4.4.3.Grinding Irradiated PTFE -- 4.5.Direct Polymerization -- 4.5.1.Dispersion Polymerization (Fine Powder) -- 4.5.2.Suspension Polymerization (Granular) -- 4.6.Other Manufacturing Methods -- 4.7.Commercial Products -- References -- 5.Manufacturing and Properties of Fluoroelastomer-Based Additives -- 5.1.Introduction -- 5.2.Manufacturing Process -- 5.3.Emulsion Polymerization -- 5.3.1.Continuous Emulsion Polymerization -- 5.3.2.Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization -- 5.4.Suspension Polymerization -- 5.5.Development of Polymeric Process Additives -- 5.6.Commercial Products -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6.Applications of Fluorinated Additives for Lubricants -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.Friction -- 6.3.Wear Processes -- 6.4.Fluorinated Additive Types -- 6.5.Lubrication Processes -- 6.6.Lubricant Base Oils -- 6.7.Lubricant Additives-General -- 6.8.Comparison of Solid Lubricant Additives -- 6.9.Polymeric Fluorinated Additives -- 6.9.1.PTFE -- 6.9.2.Low-MW Fluorinated Additives -- 6.10.Lubricant Application Categorization -- 6.11.Low-Viscosity Lubricants -- 6.11.1.Test Methods for Low-Viscosity Lubricants -- 6.11.2.Literature Studies of Low-Viscosity Oil with PTFE Addition -- 6.11.3.Dry-Film Lubricants -- 6.11.4.Release Agents -- 6.12.Engine Oil -- 6.12.1.Classification -- 6.12.2.Engine Oil Anti-Wear Additives -- 6.12.3.Development History of Use of PTFE in Motor Oil -- 6.13.Grease -- 6.13.1.Grease Compositions and Characterization -- 6.13.2.Technical Studies of Grease with Fluorinated Additives -- 6.13.3.Grease Patent History -- 6.14.Suppliers of Lubricants Containing Fluorinated Additives -- 6.14.1.DuPont[™] Company Products -- 6.14.2.3M[™]/Dyneon[™] Products -- 6.14.3.Daikin[™] Industries Ltd/Daikin America Inc -- 6.14.4.Solvay Solexis -- 6.14.5.Asahi Glass -- 6.14.6.Other Suppliers -- References -- 7.Fluorinated Additives for Plastics -- 7.1.Introduction -- 7.2.Types of Fluorinated Additives -- 7.3.Friction and Wear Processes -- 7.3.1.Friction Processes -- 7.3.2.Wear Processes -- 7.3.3.Countersurface Effects -- 7.4.Friction and Wear of High- and Low-MW PTFE -- 7.5.Role of PTFE Manufacturing Process and Particle Size on Wear and Friction of Plastics -- 7.6.Development of Fluoroadditive Use for Friction/Wear Enhancement of Thermoplastics -- 7.7.Plastic Wear Under Water -- 7.8.Types of Non-Fluorinated Anti-Friction and Anti-Wear Additives -- 7.9.Plastic Types -- 7.9.1.Polyamides (Nylons) -- 7.9.2.Polyacetals -- 7.9.3.Polycarbonates -- 7.9.4.Polyesters (PEs) -- 7.9.5.Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) -- 7.9.6.Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) -- 7.9.7.Epoxy Resins -- 7.9.8.Miscellaneous Thermoplastics -- 7.10.Fluorinated Additives for Improved Melt and Mechanical Properties -- 7.11.Additives to Alter Plastic Surface Properties -- 7.11.1.Theory and Background -- 7.11.2.Type of Fluorinated Additives for Surface Tension Reduction -- 7.11.3.Permeation -- 7.11.4.Surface Properties of Irradiated PTFE -- 7.12.Fluoropolymer Additives to Inhibit Melt Dripping in Fire Situations -- 7.12.1.Characterization of Fire Retardancy -- 7.12.2.Processes for Mixing High-MW PTFE into Other Resins -- 7.12.3.Commercial PTFE Products for Fire Retardants -- 7.13.Compounding of Fluorinated Additives into Thermoplastics -- 7.13.1.Compounding with High-MW PTFE (Dispersion-Polymerization) -- 7.13.2.Compounding with Low-MW PTFE (and High-MW Suspension-Polymerized PTFE) -- 7.13.3.Extrusion Compounding with PTFE Powders -- 7.13.4.Other Fluorinated Additives -- References -- 8.Addition of Fluoropolymers to Printing Ink -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Printing Processes -- 8.3. Inks -- 8.4.Fluoropolymer Addition to Ink -- 8.4.1.Types of PTFE -- 8.4.2.Particle Size -- 8.5.Abrasion/Rub Resistance of Prints -- 8.6.Blocking -- 8.7.Commercial Suppliers of Fluorinated Additives to the Ink Market -- References -- 9.Use of Fluorinated Additives in Coatings -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.Purposes of Addition of Fluoropolymer Additives to Coatings -- 9.3.Thermoplastic Coatings -- 9.4.Thermosetting Coating Parameters -- 9.4.1.Carriers -- 9.4.2.Resin Binder or Chemistry -- 9.4.3.Crosslinking or Curing -- 9.5.Coating Processes -- 9.5.1.Preparing the Coating Formulation -- 9.5.2.Application of Coating -- 9.5.3.Drying/Baking of Coating -- 9.6.Fluoropolymer Types Used in Coatings -- 9.6.1.Perfluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins -- 9.6.2.Partially Fluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins -- 9.6.3.Amorphous Fluoropolymers -- 9.7.Perfluoropolymer/Metal Coatings by Electrolytic or Electroless Processes -- 9.8.Prevention of Staining of a Coating -- 9.9.Commercial Fluoroadditive Products -- References -- 10.Fluorinated Additives for Rubber -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.2.Rubber Compositions and Compounding -- 10.3.Characterization of Rubbers -- 10.4.Fluorinated Additive Types -- 10.4.1.High-MW PTFE (Unmodified) -- 10.4.2.Modified High-MW PTFE -- 10.4.3.Melt-Processable Fluorinated Copolymers -- 10.4.4.Low-MW PTFE Additives -- 10.4.5.Miscellaneous Fluorinated Additives -- 10.5.Silicone and Fluorosilicone Rubbers -- 10.6.Addition of Fluorinated Additives to Fluoroelastomers -- 10.7.Addition of Fluorinated Additives to EPDM Rubber -- 10.8.Commercial Fluoroadditive Products for Elastomers -- References -- 11.Applications of Processing Aid Additives -- 11.1.Introduction -- 11.2.Low-Molecular-Weight Processing Aids -- 11.2.1.Stearates (Release Agents) -- 11.2.2.Polymer Processing Additives (High MW) -- 11.2.3.Advantages of PPAs -- 11.2.4.Melt Fracture -- 11.2.5.Die Drool -- 11.3.Important Applications of PPAs -- 11.3.1.Blown and Cast Film -- 11.3.2.Cable and Tubing Extrusion -- 11.3.3.Blow Molding -- 11.3.4.Fiber Extrusion -- 11.3.5.Fluoropolymer PPAs -- 11.3.6.How PPAs Work -- 11.4.Select Applications of PPAs -- 11.4.1.Blow Molding -- 11.4.2.Film Manufacturing -- References -- 12.Compliance with Regulations and Standards -- 12.1.Introduction -- 12.2.Food Contact and Medical Applications -- 12.3.FDA Requirements for Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins for Food Contact -- 12.3.1.Paragraph (d) Specifications -- 12.3.2.Paragraph (e) Limitations -- 12.3.3.Scope of ASTM D 4754-98 (2003) -- 12.3.4.Special Requirements of Polytetrafluoroethylene Micropowders -- 12.4.Compliance of Commercial Micropowder Products -- 12.4.1.Articles Intended to Contact Food (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1550 Perfluorocarbon Resins) -- 12.4.2.Processing Aids for Polyolefins (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1520 Olefin Polymers) -- 12.4.3.Components of Resinous and Polymeric Coatings (Reference: 21 CFR 175.300 Resinous and Polymeric Coatings) -- 12.4.4.Components of Paper and Paperboard (Reference: 21 CFR 176.170 Components of Paper and Paperboard in Contact with Aqueous and Fatty Foods) -- 12.4.5.Lubricant for Rubber Articles (Reference: 21 CFR 177.2600 Rubber Articles Intended for Repeated Use) -- 12.4.6.Components of Adhesives (Reference: 21 CFR 175.105 Adhesives) -- 12.4.7.Housewares Exemption (Reference: Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, January 1987, p. 45) -- 12.5.Standards -- References -- 13.Safety, Health, Environment, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Toxicology of Fluoropolymers -- 13.3.Thermal Properties of PTFE -- 13.4.Emission During Processing -- 13.5.Safety Measures -- 13.5.1.Ventilation of Degradation Products -- 13.5.2.Processing and Fabrication -- 13.5.3.Spillage Cleanup -- 13.5.4.Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance -- 13.5.5.Protective Clothing -- 13.5.6.Personal Hygiene -- 13.5.7.Fire Hazard -- 13.5.8.Material Incompatibility -- 13.6.Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling -- 13.7.Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods -- 13.7.1.Packaging Disposal and Recycling -- 13.8.Economics -- References.
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ISBN:
9781437734614
1437734618
Note:
Includes index.
AVAILABLE ONLINE TO AUTHORIZED PSU USERS.
Part Of:
ScienceDirect e-book
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