Introduction to bioMEMS / Albert Folch
- Author:
- Folch i Folch, Albert, 1966-
- Published:
- Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2013]
- Copyright Date:
- ©2013
- Physical Description:
- xxxv, 492 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 27 cm
- Contents:
- Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 How Do We Make Small Things? -- 1.1.Why Bother Making Things Small? -- 1.1.1.The Small-Scale Benefit -- 1.1.2.The High-Throughput Benefit -- 1.1.3.The Quantitative Benefit -- 1.2.From Art to Chips -- 1.3.Photolithography -- 1.3.1.Basics: Photoresist and Photomask -- 1.3.2.Black or White versus Gray Scale -- 1.3.3.Resolution -- 1.3.4.The SU-8 Era: High Aspect Ratios -- 1.3.5.Biocompatible Photoresists -- 1.3.6.Maskless Photolithography -- 1.3.6.1.The Digital Micromirror Device: Affordable Maskless Photolithography, at Last -- 1.4.Micromachining -- 1.4.1.Etching: Wet versus Dry, Isotropic versus Anisotropic -- 1.4.2.Deposition and "Lift-Off" -- 1.4.3.Nontraditional Substrates -- 1.4.4.Laser Cutting -- 1.4.5.Multiphoton Lithography -- 1.5.Micromolding -- 1.5.1.Injection Molding -- 1.5.2.Hot Embossing -- 1.5.3.Curable Polymers -- 1.6.Soft Lithography -- 1.6.1.Basics of Soft Lithography -- 1.6.2.The Magic of PDMS -- 1.6.3.Microstamping -- 1.6.4.Microfluidic Patterning -- 1.6.5.Stencil Patterning -- 1.6.6.Dynamic Substrates -- 1.6.6.1.Tunable Molds -- 1.6.6.2.Microfluidic Photomasks for Grayscale Photolithography -- 1.7.Hydrogel Devices -- 1.8.Nanofabrication Techniques -- 1.8.1.Electron Beam Lithography -- 1.8.2.Scanning Probe Lithography -- 1.9.Fabrication Based on Self-Assembly: A "Bottom-Up" Approach -- 1.10.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 2 Micropatterning of Substrates and Cells -- 2.1.Interaction between Surfaces and Biomolecules -- 2.1.1.Physisorption versus Chemisorption -- 2.1.2.Hydrophilic versus Hydrophobic -- 2.1.3.Cell Attachment to Substrates -- 2.2.Surface Engineering -- 2.2.1.Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 2.2.2.Deterring Protein Physisorption -- 2.2.3.Cross-Linkers -- 2.3.Micropatterns of SAMs -- 2.3.1.Selective Blocking of SAM Formation -- 2.3.2.Selective Formation of SAM on Prepatterned Surfaces -- 2.3.3.Microcontact Printing of SAMs -- 2.3.4.Selective Modification/Removal of SAM -- 2.4.Micropatterns of Proteins -- 2.4.1.By Light -- 2.4.2.By Microstamping -- 2.4.3.By Microfluidic Patterning -- 2.4.4.By Self-Assembly -- 2.5.Micropatterns of Cells on Nonbiomolecular Templates -- 2.5.1.Cells on Micropatterns of Metals or Oxides -- 2.5.2.Cells on SAM Micropatterns -- 2.5.3.Cells on Polymer Micropatterns -- 2.6.Micropatterns of Cells on Biomolecular Templates -- 2.6.1.Micropatterns of Physisorption-Repellent Background -- 2.6.1.1.HEG-Thiol SAM -- 2.6.1.2.PEG Interpenetrated Networks -- 2.6.1.3.Direct Photolithography of PEG-Silane -- 2.6.1.4.Pluronic -- 2.6.1.5.PLL-g-PEG Copolymers -- 2.6.1.6.Micropatterns of Cell-Repellent Hydrogels -- 2.6.2.Micropatterning Cell-Substrate Adhesiveness -- 2.6.2.1.Physical Masking of Background with Photoresist -- 2.6.2.2.Selective Photochemical Immobilization of Proteins -- 2.6.2.3.Removable Microfabricated Stencils -- 2.6.2.4.Microstamping of Protein Patterns -- 2.6.2.5.Selective Microfluidic Delivery of Proteins -- 2.6.2.6.Selective Microfluidic Delivery of Cell Suspensions -- 2.6.2.7.Selective Physisorption on a Microtextured Surface -- 2.6.3.Cells on Chemisorbed Patterns of Specific Peptide Sequences -- 2.6.3.1.Selective Attachment of Peptides on Heterogeneous Surfaces -- 2.6.3.2.Selective Photochemical Immobilization of Peptides -- 2.6.3.3.Selective Microfluidic Delivery of Peptides -- 2.6.4.Other Cell Micropatterning Strategies -- 2.6.4.1.Selective Biorecognition by the Substrate -- 2.6.4.2.In Situ Microfabrication of Protein Structures -- 2.6.4.3.Microstamping of Cells -- 2.6.4.4.Electroactive Substrates -- 2.7.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 3 Microfluidics -- 3.1.Why Go Small? -- 3.2.Microscale Behavior of Fluids -- 3.2.1.Viscosity -- 3.2.2.Nondimensional Analysis: Reynolds Number and Peclet Number -- 3.2.3.Laminar Flow -- 3.2.4.Parabolic Flow Profile -- 3.2.4.1.Circular Cross-Section -- 3.2.4.2.Rectangular Cross-Section -- 3.2.4.3.Triangular (Isosceles) Cross-Section -- 3.2.5.MicroChannel Resistance -- 3.2.6.Shear Stress -- 3.2.7.Capillary Flow -- 3.2.8.Flow through Porous Media -- 3.2.9.Diffusion -- 3.2.10.Surface Tension, Contact Angles, and Wetting -- 3.2.11.The Surface-to-Volume Problem -- 3.3.Fluids in Electrical Fields -- 3.3.1.Electrophoresis -- 3.3.2.Electro-Osmosis -- 3.3.3.Dielectrophoresis -- 3.3.4.Electrowetting -- 3.4.Fluids in Acoustic Fields -- 3.4.1.Acoustophoresis -- 3.4.2.Acoustic Streaming -- 3.5.Fabrication of Microfluidic Channels -- 3.5.1.The Building Materials -- 3.5.1.1.The "Historical" Materials: Silicon and Glass -- 3.5.1.2.The Advent of Plastics -- 3.5.1.3.A New Kid on the Block: PDMS -- 3.5.1.4.Other Polymers -- 3.5.1.5.Hydrogel Devices -- 3.5.1.6.Paper -- 3.5.2.3-D Stacking and Bonding -- 3.5.3.Inlets: the "Macro-to-Micro Interface" Problem -- 3.5.4.MicroChannel Wall Coatings -- 3.6.Operation of Microfluidic Channels: Practical Concerns -- 3.6.1.Filling a MicroChannel: The "Bubble Curse" and Methods to Jinx It -- 3.6.2.Driving the Flow -- 3.6.3.Flow Visualization -- 3.7.Droplet Microfluidics -- 3.7.1.Electrowetting Platform: "Digital Microfluidics" -- 3.7.2."Oil Carrier" Microdroplet Platform -- 3.7.3."Air Carrier" Microfluidic Platform -- 3.8.Active Flow Control -- 3.8.1.Microvalves -- 3.8.1.1.Electrokinetic Valving -- 3.8.1.2.Centrifugal Microvalves ("Lab-CD") -- 3.8.1.3.Check Microvalves -- 3.8.1.4.PDMS Microvalve: The Pinch Valve Design or "Quake Microvalve" -- 3.8.1.5.PDMS Microvalve: The "Doormat" Design -- 3.8.1.6.PDMS Microvalve: The "Sidewall Design" -- 3.8.1.7.PDMS Microvalve: The "Curtain Design" -- 3.8.1.8.PDMS Microvalve: The "Plunger Design" -- 3.8.1.9.PDMS Valve: Latch-On Design -- 3.8.1.10.Electrically Actuated PDMS Microvalves -- 3.8.1.11.PDMS Microvalves Actuated by "Braille" Pins -- 3.8.1.12.Smart Polymer Microvalves -- 3.8.1.13.Single-Use Microvalves -- 3.8.1.14."Valve-Less" Approaches -- 3.8.2.Microfluidic Resistors -- 3.8.3.Multiplexers -- 3.8.3.1.Multiplexer with Binary Valves -- 3.8.3.2.Combinatorial Operation of a Binary Multiplexer -- 3.8.3.3.Combinatorial Multiplexer -- 3.8.3.4.Multiplexers with Ternary and Quaternary Valves -- 3.8.4.Micropumps -- 3.8.4.1.Micropumps Driven by Surface Tension -- 3.8.4.2.Gas-Permeation Micropumps -- 3.8.4.3.Three-Valve PDMS Peristaltic Micropumps -- 3.8.4.4."Single-Stroke" PDMS Peristaltic Micropumps -- 3.8.4.5.Diaphragm Micropumps -- 3.8.4.6.Piezoelectric Micropumps -- 3.8.4.7.Ultrasound-Based Micropumps -- 3.8.5.Microfabricated Flow Gauges -- 3.9.Micromixers -- 3.9.1.T- or Y-Mixer -- 3.9.2.Dilution and Gradient Generators -- 3.9.3.Gradients Delivered through Microjets -- 3.9.4.Microfluidic Pens -- 3.9.5.Gradients Delivered through a Semipermeable Barrier -- 3.9.5.1.Gradient Generators that Incorporate Porous Membranes -- 3.9.5.2.Gradient Generators that Incorporate Hydrogels -- 3.10.Combinatorial Mixers -- 3.10.1.Homogenizers -- 3.10.1.1.Homogenization Directed by Pulsatile Flow: The "Dahleh Micromixer" -- 3.10.1.2.Homogenization by 3-D Serpentines -- 3.10.1.3.Homogenization by Tesla Mixer -- 3.10.1.4.Homogenization Directed by Surface Topology -- 3.10.1.5.Homogenization Induced by Surface Charge Patterns -- 3.10.1.6.Homogenization Induced by Bubble-Based Acoustic Streaming -- 3.10.2.Micromixers Incorporating Dynamic Elastomeric Microelements -- 3.10.2.1.Microvalve-Based Mixers -- 3.10.2.2.Tunable Microtopography -- 3.10.2.3.Vortex-Type Mixer -- 3.11.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 4 Molecular Biology on a Chip -- 4.1.The Importance of Miniaturizing Molecular Biology -- 4.2.The Importance of Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Where Is Cost Really, Really, Really Important? -- 4.3.Sample Preparation: A Bloody Example -- 4.3.1.Fluid Conditioning for Cell-Free Analysis -- 4.3.2.Fluid Conditioning for Cell Analysis -- 4.4.The Problem with Microfluidic Sample Separation -- 4.4.1.Capillary Electrophoresis on a Chip -- 4.4.2.Continuous-Flow and "Free-Flow" Electrophoresis -- 4.4.3.Isoelectric Focusing -- 4.4.4.Continuous-Flow Magnetic Separations -- 4.4.5.Molecular Sieving -- 4.5.Microfluidic Immunoassays -- 4.5.1.The Pregnancy Test -- 4.5.2.Homogeneous Phase Immunoassays -- 4.5.3.Heterogeneous Phase (Surface-Bound) Immunoassays -- 4.5.4.Capture and Enrichment of Biomolecules -- 4.6.Chips for Genomics and Proteomics -- 4.6.1.Microarrays of DNA-Based Molecules -- 4.6.1.1.Oligonucleotide Chips -- 4.6.1.2.DNA Microarrays -- 4.6.1.3.DNA Chips versus DNA Microarrays -- 4.6.1.4.Self-Assembled Microarrays of Beads -- 4.6.1.5.Electroaddressable Deposition of DNA and Protein -- 4.6.2.Automated DNA Purification -- 4.6.3.A Microfluidic cDNA Synthesizer -- 4.6.4.Microfluidic Elongation of DNA to Produce "Optical Maps" -- 4.6.5.PCR Chips -- 4.6.5.1.Chip Substrates and Surface Treatments -- 4.6.5.2.PCR Chip Architectures -- 4.6.5.3.PCR Reaction Volume, Temperature Control, and Speed -- 4.6.6.High-Throughput Protein Immunoblotting on a Chip -- 4.6.7.Protein Crystallization Chips -- 4.6.8.Measuring DNA-Protein Interactions Using PDMS Mechanical Traps -- 4.7.Electrospray Mass Spectrometry -- 4.8.Biochemical Analysis Using Force Sensors -- 4.9.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 5 Cell-Based Chips for Biotechnology -- 5.1.Microfluidic Flow Cytometers -- 5.2.Cell Sorting -- 5.2.1.Red Blood Cell Assays -- 5.2.2.Electrokinetic Routing of Cells -- 5.2.3.Dean Flow in Spiral Microchannels -- 5.2.4.Pinched-Flow Fractionation -- 5.2.5.Tunable Hydrophoretic Focusing -- 5.2.6.Cell Sorting Using Surface Acoustic Waves -- 5.3.Cell Trapping -- 5.3.1.Neuro-Cages -- 5.3.2.PDMS Microwells -- 5.3.3.PEG Microwells -- 5.3.4.Dielectrophoretic Traps -- 5.3.5.Micromagnetic Traps -- 5.3.6.Hydrodynamic Traps -- 5.3.7.Trapping Cells Using Antibodies -- 5.3.8.Trapping and Culturing Microfabricated Cell Assemblies -- 5.3.9.Microdroplet Cultures and Assays -- 5.4.Microfluidic Cell Culture Laboratories -- 5.4.1.Limitations of Traditional Cell Culture Technology -- 5.4.2.The Cell-on-a-Chip Revolution -- 5.4.3.Seeding Cells in Microchannels -- and Contents note continued: 5.4.4.From Serial Pipetting to Highly Parallel Micromixers, Pumps, and Valves -- 5.4.5.From Incubators to "Chip-Cubators" -- 5.4.6.From High Cell Numbers in Large Volumes (and Large Areas) to Low Cell Numbers in Small Volumes (and Small Areas) -- 5.5.Gene Expression Cellular Microarrays ("Cellomics") -- 5.6.Micro-Bioreactors -- 5.7.Cells on Microelectrodes -- 5.8.Patch Clamp Chips -- 5.9.Cryopreservation -- 5.10.Assisted Reproductive Technologies -- 5.11.Whole Animal Testing -- 5.12.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 6 BioMEMS for Cell Biology -- 6.1.An Enabling Technology: The Hurdles -- 6.1.1.From Random Cultures to Microengineered Substrates -- 6.1.2.From "Classical" to "Novel" Substrates: The Cell Biologist's Dilemma -- 6.1.3.From Cells in Large Static Volumes to Cells in Small Flowing Volumes -- 6.1.4.From a Homogeneous Bath to Microfluidic Delivery -- 6.2.Cell-Substrate Signaling -- 6.2.1.Cell Behavior Controlled by Cell Shape -- 6.2.2.Microtopographical Signaling -- 6.2.3.Muscle Cell Differentiation -- 6.3.Cell-Cell Communication -- 6.3.1.Control of Cell-Cell Contacts at Single-Cell Scale -- 6.3.2.Control of Cell-Cell Spacing Using Micromechanical Actuators -- 6.3.3.Quorum Sensing in Bacteria -- 6.3.4.Signal Transduction Studies Using Biomimetic Devices -- 6.4.Cell Migration -- 6.4.1.Cellular Traction -- 6.4.2.Chemotaxis -- 6.4.2.1.Neutrophil Chemotaxis -- 6.4.2.2.Cancer Cell Migration -- 6.4.2.3.Bacterial Cell Migration -- 6.5.BioMEMS for Cellular Neurobiology -- 6.5.1.Axon Guidance -- 6.5.1.1.Axon Guidance by Biochemical Surface Micropatterns -- 6.5.1.2.Axon Guidance by Microtopography -- 6.5.1.3.Axon Guidance by Insoluble (Surface) Gradients -- 6.5.1.4.Axon Guidance by Soluble Gradients -- 6.5.1.5.Axon Guidance by Glial Cells -- 6.5.2.Neuronal Polarization -- 6.5.3.Synaptogenesis -- 6.5.4.Emergent Properties of Neuronal Networks -- 6.5.4.1.Bottom-Up Approach: Neuronal Cultures -- 6.5.4.2.Brain Slices on a Chip -- 6.5.4.3.Caenorhabditis elegans in a Chip -- 6.5.5.Olfaction -- 6.5.6.Glial Biology -- 6.6.Developmental Biology on a Chip -- 6.7.Yeast Biology -- 6.8.Plant Cell Biology -- 6.9.Microfluidics for Studying Cellular Dynamics -- 6.10.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 7 Tissue Microengineering -- 7.1.Microscaffolding -- 7.1.1.Cellular Micropatterns in 3-D Microscaffolds -- 7.1.2.Skin Microengineering -- 7.1.3.Vasculature on a Chip -- 7.1.4.Muscle Cells -- 7.2.Micropatterned Cocultures -- 7.2.1.Liver Cells -- 7.2.2.Lung Cells -- 7.3.Stem Cell Engineering -- 7.4.Morphogenesis -- 7.5.Summary -- Further Reading -- ch. 8 Implantable Microdevices -- 8.1.Dental Implants -- 8.2.Implantable Microelectrodes -- 8.2.1.The Michigan Probes -- 8.2.2.The Utah Electrode Array -- 8.2.3.Microfabricated Cochlear Implants -- 8.2.4.Microfabricated Electrocorticography Arrays -- 8.2.5.Microelectrodes for Visual Prostheses -- 8.2.6.A Microelectronic Contact Lens -- 8.2.7.Flexible, Thin-Film Microelectronic Circuits for Monitoring Clinical Parameters -- 8.3.Delivery of Soluble Signals into the Body -- 8.3.1.Microneedles -- 8.3.2.Microfluidic Drug Delivery to the Eye -- 8.4.Microtools for Surgery -- 8.4.1.Micromachined Surgical Tools -- 8.4.2.Catheters and Surgical Gloves Equipped with Microsensors -- 8.4.3."Gecko" Surgical Tape -- 8.5.Insect Research -- 8.6.Summary -- Further Reading.
- Summary:
- "The entire scope of the BioMEMS field at your fingertips. Helping to educate the new generation of engineers and biologists, Introduction to BioMEMS explains how certain problems in biology and medicine benefit from and often require the miniaturization of devices. The book covers the whole breadth of this dynamic field, including classical microfabrication, microfluidics, tissue engineering, cell-based and noncell-based devices, and implantable systems. It focuses on high-impact, creative work encompassing all the scales of life from biomolecules to cells, tissues, and organisms. Brilliant color presentation. Avoiding the overwhelming details found in many engineering and physics texts, this groundbreaking book in color throughout includes only the most essential formulas as well as many noncalculation-based exercises. Important terms are highlighted in bold and defined in a glossary. The text contains more than 400 color figures, most of which are from the original researchers. Coverage of both historical perspectives and the latest developments. Developed from the authors long-running course, this classroom-tested text gives readers a vivid picture of how the field has grown by presenting historical perspectives and a timeline of seminal discoveries. It also describes numerous state-of-the-art biomedical applications that benefit from "going small," including devices that record the electrical activity of brain cells, measure the diffusion of molecules in microfluidic channels, and allow for high-throughput studies of gene expression"--
"This book introduces the non-specialist reader, in particular students, to a set of problems in biology and medicine that benefit from - and ideally require - the miniaturization of a certain device. There are numerous biomedical applications that benefit from "going small""-- - Subject(s):
- ISBN:
- 9781439818398 (hardback)
1439818398 (hardback)
9781439818404 (ebook)
1439818401 (ebook) - Bibliography Note:
- Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
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